5tt

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! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| 5tt
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! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
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! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
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! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Speech and Linguistics
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! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
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! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
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! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
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! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| tt
|}

Introduction Cancer is one of the most important health problems in the world and second cause of death in the United States. In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States [1]. Cancer is defined as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in the body. It is accepted that cancer can develop when normal mechanism of body stops working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming new abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called tumor [2]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), cancer may arise due to interaction between a person's genetic factors and 3 categories of external agents, including physical carcinogens (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation), chemical carcinogens (asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin, and arsenic) and biological carcinogens (infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites) [274,275]. Depending on the type and stage of cancer, patients are treated with either traditional therapies (such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy) or newer forms of treatment (such as immunotherapy [276], targeted therapy [277], hormone therapy [278], gene therapy [279] and photodynamic therapy [280]. Surgery is the process of removing cancer by doing operation and it is generally used only when cancer is localized [281]. Radiation therapy uses high doses of radiation to shrink or kill cancer cells [282]. On the other hand, chemotherapy is an effective and widespread way of cancer treatment in which one or more chemotherapeutic or alkylating agents are used [3–5]. Cisplatin is one of the best and first metal-based chemotherapeutic drugs (see Fig. 1 for 3D structure of cisplatin) [10,287]. It is reported that ∼2 billion U.S. dollars of platinum-based anticancer drugs are sold worldwide [6,7] and nearly about 50% of all patients are treated with cisplatin [8]. Cisplatin was discovered in 1845 by Michele Peyrone but its biological property was hidden until 1965 when a biophysicist, Dr. Barnett Rosenberg [9] discovered its inhibiting cell division property. It is used for wide range of solid cancers such as testicular, ovarian, bladder, lung, cervical, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer and some other cancers [11,12,285]. Studies confirmed that cisplatin exerts its anticancer activity by attacking more than one place [14]. It generally binds with genomic DNA (gDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to create DNA lesions, block the production of DNA, mRNA and proteins, arrest DNA replication, activate several transduction pathways which finally led to necrosis or apoptosis [13,15,40,283,286]. However, cisplatin does not show its highest potential because of side effects and drug resistance. Resistance to cisplatin depends on multiple factors such as reduced drug accumulation, inactivation of drug by binding with different proteins, increase of DNA repairing, alteration of different proteins that signal to apoptosis [16,40,288,289]. The major toxicities arise from cisplatin therapy are nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal, neurotoxicity [12,17,290,291]. Furthermore,



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