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Draft:Test 5

2026-09-18T07:02:12Z

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{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| Test 5
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| Neeraja
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|}

{| id="pravaha-abstract" role="region" aria-label="Summary" class="bjs-abstract-panel" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #d6a9bc; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:0; background:#fff7fa; color:#202122;"
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! class="bjs-abstract-heading" style="padding:8px 12px; background:#efcddd; color:#202122; text-align:left; font-size:1.15em; font-weight:700;" | Summary
|- class="bjs-abstract-content-row"
| style="padding:14px 16px; background:#fff7fa; text-align:left; line-height:1.65; overflow-wrap:anywhere;" | <div class="bjs-abstract-static">Hello</div>
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The name Gaṇapati means ‘Lord of all Gaṇas’ or ‘Lord of All Living Beings’. As one of the most revered deity of Sanātana Dharma, Gaṇapati is also known by names like Gaṇeśa, Vināyaka, and Vighneśvara across the world. This elephant-faced younger son of Devī Pārvati and Bhagavān Śiva is also hailed as the Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles’.

However, Gaṇapati thought long and hard, then performed a circumambulation around Devī Gaurī and Bhagavān Śiva, stating that ‘his’ entire world comprised his parents, and so a parikramā of them met the terms of the competition. Bhagavān Śiva and Devī Gaurī accepted his indisputable logic and devotion towards them. Hence, they granted him not only victory, supremacy, or the right to get married first, but also the right to be worshipped first. This paurāṇika tale explains why Gaṇapati’s image often appears in temples, homes, gateways, and other places of importance.



= Epithets of Gaṇapati =

Gaṇapati is most commonly worshipped as Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles,’ as he fulfills his duty to facilitate the devas and hinder the asuras in yajña, sacrifices, or virtuous acts to gain boons.

'''''Vināyako Vighnarājo Dvaimāturagaṇādhipaḥ ।'''''

'''विनायको विघ्नराजो द्वैमातुरगणाधिपः ।'''

'''''Apyekadanto Herambo Lambodaragajānanaḥ ॥ (Amarakośa 1.1.40–41) ॥'''''

'''अप्येकदन्तो हेरम्बो लम्बोदरगजाननः ॥ अमरकोशः । स्वर्गादिकाण्डः १.१.४०–४१ ॥'''

विनायक, विघ्नराज, द्वैमातुर, गणाधिप, एकदन्त, हेरम्ब, लम्बोदर तथा गजानन - ये सभी भगवान् गणेश के नाम हैं।

Vināyaka, Vighnarāja, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa, Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana are the epithets of Gaṇapati listed in the Amarakośa. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up [1]]

While the Amarakośa lists his many names, each epithet and iconography of Gaṇapati encodes metaphysical, cosmological, and philosophical meanings that are central to Indic thought. The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up [2]] praises him in the following verse:

'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''

'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''

'''''Bhaktāvāsaṁ smarennityaṁ āyuḥkāmārthasiddhaye ॥ (Narada Purana, Purvabhaga 1.17.1)'''''

'''भक्तावासं स्मरेन्नित्यं आयुःकामार्थसिद्धये ॥(नारद पुराण, पूर्वभाग १.१७.१)'''

भगवन विनायक, जो माता गौरी के पुत्र हैं, उन्हें प्रति दिन नमन करने से दीर्घायु, इच्छापूर्ति, और समृद्धि का आशीर्वाद मिलता है। [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up [3]]

A bhakta (devotee) should bow their head daily before Vināyaka, the son of Devī Gaurī, to attain the boon of longevity, fulfillment of desires, and prosperity. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up [4]]



<div id="pravaha-collapse-1" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Test 5#pravaha-collapse-1|+]][[Draft:Test 5#mw-content-text|-]]Epithets of Gaṇapati(Read more)</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

Gaṇapati is most commonly worshipped as Vighnarāja or ‘Lord of Obstacles,’ as he fulfills his duty to facilitate the devas and hinder the asuras in yajña, sacrifices, or virtuous acts to gain boons.

'''''Vināyako Vighnarājo Dvaimāturagaṇādhipaḥ ।'''''

'''विनायको विघ्नराजो द्वैमातुरगणाधिपः ।'''

'''''Apyekadanto Herambo Lambodaragajānanaḥ ॥ (Amarakośa 1.1.40–41) ॥'''''

'''अप्येकदन्तो हेरम्बो लम्बोदरगजाननः ॥ अमरकोशः । स्वर्गादिकाण्डः १.१.४०–४१ ॥'''

विनायक, विघ्नराज, द्वैमातुर, गणाधिप, एकदन्त, हेरम्ब, लम्बोदर तथा गजानन - ये सभी भगवान् गणेश के नाम हैं।

Vināyaka, Vighnarāja, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa, Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana are the epithets of Gaṇapati listed in the Amarakośa. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up [1]]

While the Amarakośa lists his many names, each epithet and iconography of Gaṇapati encodes metaphysical, cosmological, and philosophical meanings that are central to Indic thought. The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up [2]] praises him in the following verse:



== Shloka: ==

'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''

'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''

'''''Bhaktāvāsaṁ smarennityaṁ āyuḥkāmārthasiddhaye ॥ (Narada Purana, Purvabhaga 1.17.1)'''''

'''भक्तावासं स्मरेन्नित्यं आयुःकामार्थसिद्धये ॥(नारद पुराण, पूर्वभाग १.१७.१)'''

भगवन विनायक, जो माता गौरी के पुत्र हैं, उन्हें प्रति दिन नमन करने से दीर्घायु, इच्छापूर्ति, और समृद्धि का आशीर्वाद मिलता है। [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up [3]]

A bhakta (devotee) should bow their head daily before Vināyaka, the son of Devī Gaurī, to attain the boon of longevity, fulfillment of desires, and prosperity. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up [4]]



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= Paurānika Legends of Gaṇapati =

A lore in the Śiva Purāṇa explains his status as Prathama Pūjya, which allows him to be the first to be invoked at the beginning of all dhārmika rituals. The legend states that a race was held between the two sons of Devī Gaurī (Pārvati), Kārtikeya and Gaṇapati, to determine who was superior and deserved to be married first. The condition set was to be the first to circumambulate the world. Kārtikeya flew off on his peacock vāhana, leaving Gaṇapati to follow behind on his mouse vāhana. However, Gaṇapati thought long and hard, then performed a circumambulation around Devī Gaurī and Bhagavān Śiva, stating that ‘his’ entire world comprised his parents, and so a parikramā of them met the terms of the competition. Bhagavān Śiva and Devī Gaurī accepted his indisputable logic and devotion towards them. Hence, they granted him not only victory, supremacy, or the right to get married first, but also the right to be worshipped first. This paurāṇika tale explains why Gaṇapati’s image often appears in temples, homes, gateways, and other places of importance.

The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up [2]] praises him in the following verse:

'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''

'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''

'''''Bhaktāvāsaṁ smarennityaṁ āyuḥkāmārthasiddhaye ॥ (Narada Purana, Purvabhaga 1.17.1)'''''

'''भक्तावासं स्मरेन्नित्यं आयुःकामार्थसिद्धये ॥(नारद पुराण, पूर्वभाग १.१७.१)'''

भगवन विनायक, जो माता गौरी के पुत्र हैं, उन्हें प्रति दिन नमन करने से दीर्घायु, इच्छापूर्ति, और समृद्धि का आशीर्वाद मिलता है।

A bhakta (devotee) should bow their head daily before Vināyaka, the son of Devī Gaurī, to attain the boon of longevity, fulfillment of desires, and prosperity. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up [3]]

According to the Śiva Purāṇa, Gaṇapati married two sisters, Buddhī and Siddhī. The lore established that Gaṇeśa is endowed with intelligence as buddhidātā and with a bountiful nature as siddhidātā. As Vakratuṇḍa, he is depicted with a trunk that usually curves to the left, and his right-curving trunk form is rare.

One of his tusks is broken, earning him the epithet Ekadanta. There are two popular paurāṇika versions of how he broke this tusk. The first lore states that Gaṇapati ate all the sweets offered by his devotees. Consequently, his belly was fully distended. While walking, he tripped on a serpent, and the modakas he had eaten burst out of his belly. He quickly gathered the offerings and put them back in his stomach, tying it with the very snake that made him fall. However, Candra Deva laughed loudly at the plight of Gaṇapati. The mocking laughter invited Gaṇeśa’s rage; he broke off his tusk and hurled it at Candra deva to humble him [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up [4]]. The second narration relates that Gaṇapati was guarding his sleeping parents when Paraṣurāma came to seek an audience with Bhagavān Śiva. He refused to allow entry to Paraśurāma. The conversation became heated, and in anger Paraśurāma threw his divine axe at Gaṇapati. Knowing that the weapon's creator was his father, Bhagavān Śiva, Gaṇapati did not block the attack and met it with his tusk, which broke upon impact with Paraśurāma’s divine axe [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up [5]].



<div id="pravaha-collapse-2" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Test 5#pravaha-collapse-2|+]][[Draft:Test 5#mw-content-text|-]]Paurānika Legends of Gaṇapati (Read more)</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

A lore in the Śiva Purāṇa explains his status as Prathama Pūjya, which allows him to be the first to be invoked at the beginning of all dhārmika rituals. The legend states that a race was held between the two sons of Devī Gaurī (Pārvati), Kārtikeya and Gaṇapati, to determine who was superior and deserved to be married first. The condition set was to be the first to circumambulate the world. Kārtikeya flew off on his peacock vāhana, leaving Gaṇapati to follow behind on his mouse vāhana. However, Gaṇapati thought long and hard, then performed a circumambulation around Devī Gaurī and Bhagavān Śiva, stating that ‘his’ entire world comprised his parents, and so a parikramā of them met the terms of the competition. Bhagavān Śiva and Devī Gaurī accepted his indisputable logic and devotion towards them. Hence, they granted him not only victory, supremacy, or the right to get married first, but also the right to be worshipped first. This paurāṇika tale explains why Gaṇapati’s image often appears in temples, homes, gateways, and other places of importance.

The Nārada Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up [2]] praises him in the following verse:

'''''Praṇamya śirasā devaṁ gaurīputraṁ vināyakam ।'''''

'''प्रणम्य शिरसा देवं गौरीपुत्रं विनायकम् ।'''

'''''Bhaktāvāsaṁ smarennityaṁ āyuḥkāmārthasiddhaye ॥ (Narada Purana, Purvabhaga 1.17.1)'''''

'''भक्तावासं स्मरेन्नित्यं आयुःकामार्थसिद्धये ॥(नारद पुराण, पूर्वभाग १.१७.१)'''

भगवन विनायक, जो माता गौरी के पुत्र हैं, उन्हें प्रति दिन नमन करने से दीर्घायु, इच्छापूर्ति, और समृद्धि का आशीर्वाद मिलता है।

A bhakta (devotee) should bow their head daily before Vināyaka, the son of Devī Gaurī, to attain the boon of longevity, fulfillment of desires, and prosperity. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up [3]]

According to the Śiva Purāṇa, Gaṇapati married two sisters, Buddhī and Siddhī. The lore established that Gaṇeśa is endowed with intelligence as buddhidātā and with a bountiful nature as siddhidātā. As Vakratuṇḍa, he is depicted with a trunk that usually curves to the left, and his right-curving trunk form is rare.

One of his tusks is broken, earning him the epithet Ekadanta. There are two popular paurāṇika versions of how he broke this tusk. The first lore states that Gaṇapati ate all the sweets offered by his devotees. Consequently, his belly was fully distended. While walking, he tripped on a serpent, and the modakas he had eaten burst out of his belly. He quickly gathered the offerings and put them back in his stomach, tying it with the very snake that made him fall. However, Candra Deva laughed loudly at the plight of Gaṇapati. The mocking laughter invited Gaṇeśa’s rage; he broke off his tusk and hurled it at Candra deva to humble him [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up [4]]. The second narration relates that Gaṇapati was guarding his sleeping parents when Paraṣurāma came to seek an audience with Bhagavān Śiva. He refused to allow entry to Paraśurāma. The conversation became heated, and in anger Paraśurāma threw his divine axe at Gaṇapati. Knowing that the weapon's creator was his father, Bhagavān Śiva, Gaṇapati did not block the attack and met it with his tusk, which broke upon impact with Paraśurāma’s divine axe [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up [5]].



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</div>

= Iconography of Gaṇapati =

Iconography is the language of form in Sanātana Dharma. Various Purāṇas, Āgamas, folklores, and regional traditions describe numerous versions of Gaṇapati’s iconography. However, all these forms preserve the essential nature of Gaṇapati as the lord of wisdom, intellect, and spiritual order. Over time, the iconography of Gaṇapati has evolved and developed through vaidika, paurāṇika, and Śaiva traditions. His popularity as the ‘’Lord of Obstacles’ is manifested by the icon being attached to different groups of deities, like the Navagrahas and the Saptamātṛkās.

Gaṇeśa is usually represented seated in the royal ease posture of lalitāsana or mahārājalīlā, with his left leg folded and resting on the seat. He is either seated on a lotus or upon his vāhana. In rare instances, the Heramba Gaṇapati form is shown seated on a lion. If depicted standing, he assumes the pose of dvibhaṅga (two bends) or tribhaṅga (three bends). However, he is sometimes also depicted in a samabhaṅga or standing straight pose.

Gaṇapati is almost always denoted in his elephant-faced form. His most common forms are the single-headed or five-headed. However, his three-headed form is common in Japanese temples. Additionally, his four-headed incarnation appears in Nepal. He is worshipped as Adī Vināyaka in his human-faced form, in which he is also referred to as Nara Mukha Vināyaka.

Paurāṇika texts mention sixteen characteristics (ṣoḍaśaguṇa) that are typical of a Gaṇeśa image. A few of his characteristics are described as kharva or dwarfed height, mahākāya or rotund body, gūḍhagulpha or with hidden ankles, lambodara or pot-bellied, and vikaṭa or not appealing in appearance. He is called vakratuṇḍa due to his curved trunk. This curved trunk usually bends left; however, some depictions also show his trunk bending right. He is celebrated as gajamukha or elephant-faced, khalvāṭa or bald-headed, śūrpakarṇa denoting his large flapping ears, and hrasvanetra marking his small eyes.



<div id="pravaha-collapse-3" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Test 5#pravaha-collapse-3|+]][[Draft:Test 5#mw-content-text|-]]Iconography of Ganapati(Read more)</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

Gaṇapati’s iconographical traits are a crystallization of numerous paurāṇika revelations or verses. Each version has specific attributes and qualities, designed to invoke a different image in the minds of a devotee. Occasionally, Gaṇapati’s similarity and synonymity with other vaidika devatas is visible through his iconographical depictions. When represented holding a goad, thunderbolt, and lotus, he is equated to Indra; adorned with the crescent moon, snake as yajñopavīta, and tiger-skin garment, he is equated with Rudra; holding the axe, he is equated with Brahmaṇaspati; and carrying the pāśa or noose, he is equated with Varuṇa.

Usually represented in a seated position, Vighneśvara adopts the padmāsana or the lalitāsana/ mahārājalīla (royal ease) pose. However, he may be depicted riding his vāhana of a mouse or the vāhana of a lion when represented as Heramba Gaṇapati. If depicted in a standing pose, he is depicted in dvibhaṅga (two bends) or tribhaṅga (three bends) form, but sometimes he is also shown to be in the straight samabhaṅga pose.

In Javanese iconography, Gaṇapati’s legs are bent before him while the soles of his feet touch. However, the feet do not resemble those of an elephant or a human. While usually depicted with a single head or in the pañcamukhī form, Japanese representations of Gaṇapati can sometimes have three heads, but some Nepalese representations depict him with four heads. The icons of Vighneśvara are depicted with only two eyes, except in the āgamas, where he is shown in his three-eyed form. His iconography may ascribe to him four, six, eight, ten, or sixteen arms; however, in most cases, his sculptures have only four arms.

The Mudgala Purāṇa [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up [5]] talks of 32 forms of Gaṇapati. His Bāla Gaṇapati form represents him as a child with a garland of tender flowers adorning him, holding a plantain, mango, jackfruit, sugarcane, and modaka (Indian sweets), effulgent and red in color like the rising sun. Bhakti Gaṇapati is decorated in white in color to shine like the autumn moon with the adornments of coconut, mango, plantain, jaggery, and sweets in his hands. Lakṣmī Gaṇapati, Ucchiṣṭa Gaṇapati, and Mahā Gaṇapati are three rare forms of Ganeśa that carry the pomegranate, which is considered an emblem of fertility and abundance.

Paurāṇika scriptures mention some features of Gaṇapati that do not have iconographical description, like amoda (delightful), bhaktavatsala (dear to the devotees), dhīra (valiant), kāmitārthapradā (who grants objects of desire), vidyādhāra (god of learning), etc. The iconography of Gaṇapati operates across ādhibhautika, ādhidaivika, and ādhyātmika planes. His elephant head ascribes the qualities of wisdom and expansive cognition; the broken tusk Ekadanta form signifies sacrifice, his potbellied form of Lambodara reflects the containment of manifested existence within the divine consciousness. Iconographic representation of Gaṇapati usually highlights sixteen characteristics: kharva (dwarfed in height), mahākāya (rotund in body), gūḍhagulpha (with hidden ankles), lambodara (pot-bellied), vikaṭa (unappealing in appearance), vakratuṇḍa (curve-trunked), gajamukha (elephant-faced), khalvāṭa (bald-headed), śurpakarṇa (with large winnow-like ears), hrasvanetra (small-eyed), śyāmadanta (black-toothed), dhūmravarṇa (smokey gray in color), carvaṇalālasa (fond of eating), digambara (sky-clad), kamaṇḍaludhāra (holding a pot of water), and vibhum (all pervading).



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= Symbolism of Gaṇapati =

'''''Gaṇānāṁ tvā gaṇapatiṁ havāmahe kaviṁ kavīnāmupamaśravastamam ।'''''

'''गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् ।'''

'''''yeṣṭharājam brahmaṇām brahmaṇas pata ā naḥ śṛṇvannūtibhiḥ sīda sādanam॥'''''

'''''ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥ (Ṛgveda - 2.23.1)'''''

हे ब्रह्मणस्पति! आप गणों के गणपति भी हैं और कवियों में श्रेष्ठ कवि भी हैं। आप अनुपमेय, श्रेष्ठ, और तेजस्वी मंत्रों के स्वामी हैं; हमारी प्रार्थना स्वीकार करें और हमें रक्षा प्रदान कर हम लोगों के सादनम् के में स्थान ग्रहण करें।[https://archive.org/details/RigvedInHindi/page/n321/mode/2up [6]]

We invoke the Brahmaṇaspati, the chief of the living things! O, sage of sage! O, lord of prayer and mantra; hearing our invocations, protect us and take a seat within this chamber of sacrifice. [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc831301.html [7]]

Verses in the Ṛgveda and Aitareya Brāhmaṇa invoke Gaṇapati as Brahmānaspati or Bṛhaspati, ‘The Creator of the World’. This is the primary cause of Gaṇapati being attributed with the quality of wisdom. The name Gaṇapati implies ‘Lord of Gaṇas’ (living groups); it is similar to the verse of the Ṛgveda that calls Bṛhaspati or Brahmānaspati as the lord or leader of a group. Bṛhaspati of the Ṛgveda and Gaṇapati of the other texts are continually addressed as remover of obstacles, repeller of revilers, cleaver of the clouds of ignorance, protector, defender, guide, etc. Bṛhaspati also shares his Ṛgveda name of Jyeṣṭharāja or elder prince with Gaṇeśa. Therefore, to many, the iconography of Gaṇapati attains the qualities that represent Bṛhaspati.

However, veda-bhāṣyakāras or commentators do not find a reference to Gaṇeśa in the hymns of Ṛgveda. Instead, they interpret the verses to equate Gaṇapati with Indra (as Lord of All Creatures), Rudra (as Lord of Beasts), etc. The Maitrāyaṇī Saṃhitā of the Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda is another text that equates Gaṇapati with Rudra. The text ascribes Rudra with features like karāṭa (one having the ears of an elephant), hastimukha (elephant-faced), and dantin (one with tusks). The broken tusk, a citron, wood-apple (jambū), a stylus that alludes to his role as a scribe to Vyāsa for the Mahābhārata, a bowl of sweets, and a modaka are a few symbols that are unique to Gaṇeśa. In tāntrika iconography, Gaṇapati symbols are common to tantra practices like the citron or jambu in his hands, a pot of gems or ratnakuṁbha, a blue water lily, etc.

Ananda Coomaraswamy observes that Indic symbols are not arbitrary flights of fancy; they are perceptible manifestations of the divine. Hence, the representation of Gaṇapati changes across sects and regions; and each iconography allows humans to interpret and relate with the deity through symbolic representation and artistic depiction. The image and the symbolic representation help transform the metaphysical principles of divinity into an accessible visual language for the devotees. Whether invoked through ritual/mantra or studies through iconographic forms, Gaṇpati remains an embodiment of wisdom, restraint, order, and prosperity within Bhārata.



<div id="pravaha-collapse-4" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Test 5#pravaha-collapse-4|+]][[Draft:Test 5#mw-content-text|-]]Symbolism of Gaṇapati (Read more)</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

In Sanātana Dharma, iconography is enriched with symbolism and philosophical insights related to the icon. The various artistic representations of Gaṇapati in temples, architecture, or texts showcase more than just the iconographic denotation of Gaṇapati. Every representation of Gaṇeśa contains several layers of meaning and philosophy connected to his physical appearance. Vaidika tradition unravels three levels of interpretation of the written word or depicted image. All these levels are simultaneously presented to the devotee: the extrinsic or physical (ādhibhautika), the intrinsic or cosmic (ādhidaivika), and the transcendent or spiritual (ādhyātmika).

As Lambodara, his large belly denotes the ability to contain and absorb the experiences of the universe. The mouse, as his vāhana, represents the restless human desires brought under spiritual control. A majority of sculptures represent him in the four-armed form where one hand holds a modaka or a laḍḍu (Indian sweets), another hand holds an aṇkuṣa (goad), the third hand holds the pāśa (noose), and the last hand blesses the devotees in abhaya mudrā. His large ears symbolize attentive listening that is essential to gaining knowledge and understanding. His small eyes denote focus and concentration, both inwards and outwards. His broken tusk is symbolic of self-sacrifice.

The various lores, legends, myths, forms, and poses are ways to express spiritual understanding and divinity with the help of tangible or perceptible means. The colour, shape, and form of the deity’s mūrti address the devotee’s needs to relate to divinity. In the case of Gaṇapati, whether worshiped as the remover of obstacles, as the patron of learning, as the guardian of beginnings, or as the embodiment of wisdom - each form invites contemplation of human emotions and action through relatability woven within representative iconography or symbolism-enriched lore.



</div>
</div>

= References: =

*Source Article - Chodavarapu, S. P. (2026, February 12). Iconography and Symbolism of Gaṇapati. Brhat. [https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati]

[1] Shastri, A. R. (1964). Amarakosha with Hindi translation [Amarakosha 1.1.40–41]. Digital Library of India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up]

[2] Sankshipta Narada Purana [Abridged Narada Purana]. (2020). Gita Press Gorakhpur. (Original work published 1950). [https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/narada-puran-gita-press/page/n443/mode/2up]

[3] Tagare, G. V. (Trans.). (1952). The Nārada-Purāṇa, Part III (J. L. Shastri, Ed.; Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Vol. 17). Motilal Banarsidass. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21516/page/n61/mode/2up]

[4] Mudgala Purana Sanskrit (Vol. 4, Gajananacharitam, adhyaya 6, Chandradoṣaharaṇacharita, p. 12). (1976, October). Mudgala Purana Prakashana Mandala in collaboration with Nirnaya Sagara Press. [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up]

[5] Brahma Vaivarta Purana (p. 407). (2018). Gita Press, Gorakhpur. [https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n415/mode/2up]

Draft:Test article

2026-08-24T11:53:54Z

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__NOEDITSECTION__
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{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
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[[File:BJS_2_F684_6a8bd883ed429.png|center|285px]]
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| test article
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| Neeraja
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mechanical and Digital Design and Engineering
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|}

{| id="pravaha-abstract" role="region" aria-label="Summary" class="bjs-abstract-panel" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #d6a9bc; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:0; background:#fff7fa; color:#202122;"
|-
! class="bjs-abstract-heading" style="padding:8px 12px; background:#efcddd; color:#202122; text-align:left; font-size:1.15em; font-weight:700;" | Summary
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| style="padding:14px 16px; background:#fff7fa; text-align:left; line-height:1.65; overflow-wrap:anywhere;" | <div class="bjs-abstract-static">test article, test article, test article, test article</div>
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manuals that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries lxcvbnater.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_2_image1.png|276x346px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_2_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

Draft:Test article

2026-08-24T11:50:22Z

172.20.170.28:

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| Mechanical and Digital Design and Engineering
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
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{| id="pravaha-abstract" role="region" aria-label="Summary" class="bjs-abstract-panel" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #d6a9bc; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:0; background:#fff7fa; color:#202122;"
|-
! class="bjs-abstract-heading" style="padding:8px 12px; background:#efcddd; color:#202122; text-align:left; font-size:1.15em; font-weight:700;" | Summary
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| style="padding:14px 16px; background:#fff7fa; text-align:left; line-height:1.65; overflow-wrap:anywhere;" | <div class="bjs-abstract-static">test article, test article, test article, test article</div>
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manuals that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquirycfvbghj. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries later.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_2_image1.png|276x346px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_2_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

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2026-08-03T07:08:07Z

172.20.170.28:

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<references>bv</references>

Draft:Asdrfgtyg

2026-07-22T12:23:06Z

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{| id="pravaha-abstract" role="region" aria-label="Abstract" class="bjs-abstract-panel" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #d6a9bc; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:0; background:#fff7fa; color:#202122;"
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''Pandoc-ready sample article with normal and collapsible sections''

<blockquote>Conversion rule: headings containing the exact prefix [COLLAPSE] are intended to become + / − collapsible sections after Pandoc converts this DOCX to MediaWiki. All other headings remain normal, permanently visible headings.

</blockquote>



= Introduction =

India has a long history of community-based water management. Traditional systems cvbn m,. were designed according to local climate, topography, soil, and social needs. This article presents an example structure that converts cleanly from DOCX through Pandoc into MediaWiki while preserving a clear hierarchy of headings and subheadings.

The introduction is a normal section. It should remain visible at all times and should not be placed inside a collapse container.



== Purpose and Scope ==

The article explains selected water-harvesting methods, their design principles, and their modern relevance. It also demonstrates how authors should organise long wiki articles so that only selected detailed sections are collapsible.



<div id="pravaha-collapse-1" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#pravaha-collapse-1|+]][[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#mw-content-text|-]]Historical Background</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

Traditional water systems developed over centuries in response to seasonal rainfall and regional scarcity. Communities built structures that collected, stored, filtered, and distributed water with locally available materials.



== Early Development ==

Archaeological and textual evidence indicates that organised water management was important in settlements across the subcontinent. Reservoirs, wells, tanks, channels, and embankments supported domestic use, agriculture, and ritual life.



== Community Management ==

Many systems were maintained collectively. Responsibilities for cleaning, desilting, repairing, and allocating water were often shared among residents or assigned to recognised community groups.



=== Regional Adaptation ===

Designs varied according to terrain. Arid regions emphasised storage and evaporation control, while high-rainfall areas focused on drainage, diversion, and groundwater recharge.



</div>
</div>

= Major Types of Systems =

The following examples show how normal subsections can appear between collapsible blocks. These headings should remain visible in the converted wiki article.



== Stepwells ==

Stepwells combine water storage with stepped access. Their depth allows users to reach water as the level changes through the year.



== Tanks and Reservoirs ==

Village tanks and larger reservoirs collect monsoon runoff. They may support irrigation, livestock, groundwater recharge, and domestic use.



== Johads ==

Johads are small earthen check dams that capture rainwater and encourage infiltration into the soil.



<div id="pravaha-collapse-2" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#pravaha-collapse-2|+]][[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#mw-content-text|-]]Detailed Design Principles</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

This section contains technical detail and is therefore marked as collapsible. The entire section, including its Heading 2 and Heading 3 content, should open and close together.



== Site Selection ==

A suitable site is chosen by studying slope, runoff direction, soil permeability, catchment size, and proximity to users. Poor site selection can reduce storage capacity or increase erosion.



== Catchment and Inflow ==

The catchment determines the volume and speed of incoming water. Channels and bunds may guide runoff while silt traps reduce sediment entering the storage area.



== Storage and Recharge ==

Some systems prioritise surface storage, while others are designed mainly to recharge wells and aquifers. The choice depends on geology, evaporation rates, and intended use.



=== Maintenance Requirements ===

Periodic desilting, vegetation control, wall repair, and inspection of inlets and outlets are essential for long-term operation.



</div>
</div>

= Comparison Table =

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''System'''
! '''Typical Region'''
! '''Primary Function'''
! '''Common Material'''
|-
| Stepwell
| Western and central India
| Storage and access
| Stone masonry
|-
| Johad
| Arid and semi-arid regions
| Recharge and runoff capture
| Earth and stone
|-
| Tank
| Many regions
| Storage and irrigation
| Earth, stone, brick
|}



<div id="pravaha-collapse-3" class="pravaha-collapse">
<div class="pravaha-collapse-title">[[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#pravaha-collapse-3|+]][[Draft:Asdrfgtyg#mw-content-text|-]]Modern Relevance and Revival</div>
<div class="pravaha-collapse-content">

Traditional systems can complement modern infrastructure by improving local storage, reducing runoff, supporting groundwater recharge, and strengthening community participation.



== Climate Resilience ==

Decentralised water structures can reduce vulnerability to irregular rainfall when they are restored with sound hydrological assessment.



== Conservation and Documentation ==

Revival projects should document original design, current condition, ownership, catchment changes, and maintenance responsibilities before intervention.



=== Responsible Adaptation ===

Historic forms should not be copied mechanically. Modern adaptation must consider present population, pollution, land use, legal requirements, and safety standards.



</div>
</div>

= Conclusion =

Traditional water-harvesting systems demonstrate the value of locally adapted design and shared stewardship. In a Pandoc-based publishing workflow, keeping ordinary sections as standard Word headings and marking only selected long sections with [COLLAPSE] provides a predictable basis for post-processing into MediaWiki collapsible containers.



= References =

# Author surname, First name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.

# Author surname, First name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, issue, year, pages.

# Institution Name. Title of Web Resource. Accessed Day Month Year.



= Appendix: Authoring Rules for Reliable Pandoc Conversion =

* Use Word built-in styles: Title, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, Normal, List Bullet, and List Number.

* Do not create headings by manually enlarging or bolding normal text.

* Use the exact text prefix [COLLAPSE] only on the Heading 1 that starts a collapsible block.

* A collapsible block ends immediately before the next Heading 1.

* Do not place [COLLAPSE] on Heading 2 or Heading 3.

* Keep the introduction, conclusion, and references as normal visible sections unless there is a strong reason to collapse them.

* Use real Word lists and tables rather than typed hyphens, spaces, or tabs.

* Avoid text boxes, floating shapes, decorative columns, and manual line breaks inside headings.

* Insert images inline with text and provide a caption in a separate paragraph.

* After Pandoc conversion, run a post-processing script that removes [COLLAPSE] from the visible title and wraps the section content in MediaWiki mw-collapsible markup.



== Expected MediaWiki Pattern After Post-processing ==

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wiki-collapse-section"> 

<div class="mw-collapsible-toggle">+</div> 

<div class="wiki-collapse-title">Historical Background</div> 

<div class="mw-collapsible-content"> 

...converted section content... 

</div> 

</div>

----

'''Word Count:''' 1092

Draft:AsDFGHJKL;

2026-07-22T06:10:50Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:asDFGHJKL;}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_39_F401_6a605ed71d6b4.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| asDFGHJKL;
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Vedic Philosophical and Cognitive Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| zxFGHJKIOP;
|}

'''Before You Begin'''

We are glad you chose to submit your article to Pravāha!

You will be asked to follow the following steps forcdfgbhj your submission:

Enter Title & Abstract Upload Manuscript Add Contributors Enter Metadata Author Declaration Submit for review

Please go through the Submission Guidelines for details on formatting and preparing your manuscript for submission. Before you submit, you will need to click “Convert to Wiki” to convert your manuscript file to wiki format; you will be automatically redirected to the preview. You will be able to review and correct any information before you submit. You can save your work and come back to it later through your author dashboard.

----

'''Word Count:''' 215

Draft:Sdfghy

2026-07-21T09:34:43Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:sdfghy}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_27_F344_6a5f380109483.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| sdfghy
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Vedic Philosophical and Cognitive Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Short Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| Asdfghj <ref>[[ASDFGHJ]]</ref>
|}

'''Before You Begin'''

We are glad you chose to submit your article to Pravāha!

You will be asked to follow the following steps for yvbnm,our submission:

Enter Title & Abstract Upload Manuscript Add Contributors Enter Metadata Author Declaration Submit for review

Please go through the Submission Guidelines for details on formatting and preparing your manuscript for submission. Before you submit, you will need to click “Convert to Wiki” to convert your manuscript file to wiki format; you will be automatically redirected to the preview. You will be able to review and correct any information before you submit. You can save your work and come back to it later through your author dashboard.

----

'''Word Count:''' 216

Draft:Test article

2026-07-20T05:53:06Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:test _article}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_19_F256_6a5db7ac1a0bf.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| test article
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| sarikag
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Vedic Philosophical and Cognitive Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| asdfgghjuki
|}

'''Before You Begin'''

We are glad you chose to submit your article to Pravāha!

You will be asked to follow the follvvgbhjiop[wing steps for your submission:

Enter Title & Abstract Upload Manuscript Add Contributors Enter Metadata Author Declaration Submit for review

Please go through the Submission Guidelines for details on formatting and preparing your manuscript for submission. Before you submit, you will need to click “Convert to Wiki” to convert your manuscript file to wiki format; you will be automatically redirected to the preview. You will be able to review and correct any information before you submit. You can save your work and come back to it later through your author dashboard.

----

'''Word Count:''' 215

Draft:ASDFGHJ

2026-07-18T07:57:16Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ASDFGHJ}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_17_F245_6a5b31c5f22dd.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| ASDFGHJ
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Vedic Philosophical and Cognitive Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| ZASXDFGHJKL
|}

'''Before You Begin'''

We are glad you chose to submit your article to Pravāha!

You will be asked to follow the following steps for your submission:

Enter Title & Abstract Upload Manuscript Add Contribcdfvghjkutors Enter Metadata Author Declaration Submit for review

Please go through the Submission Guidelines for details on formatting and preparing your manuscript for submission. Before you submit, you will need to click “Convert to Wiki” to convert your manuscript file to wiki format; you will be automatically redirected to the preview. You will be able to review and correct any information before you submit. You can save your work and come back to it later through your author dashboard.

----

'''Word Count:''' 215

Draft:Ram2

2026-07-18T07:20:36Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ram2}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_16_F236_6a5b2925890bb.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| ram2
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| Zxsdfghjkl;' '
|}

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING ARTICLES FOR SUBMISSION TO PRAVĀHA

'''Title & Abstract:'''

Do not include the article title & abstract in your main article zxcvbnm,./document. The title and abstract should be entered separately during the submission process and will automatically be fetched in the preview or the published file.

Your article file should begin directly with the main content.

'''Article Text:'''

Pravāha automatically converts properly structured submissions into a wiki-style format. A well-structured article helps ensure smooth review, publication, discoverability, and integration within the repository.

Below are some points that will help you structure your article better:

# Article Format

The article should be in Microsoft Word (.docx) format. PDF files should not be uploaded as the primary article document to ensure smooth file conversion.

<ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Use proper heading styles</li></ol>

Use Word Heading Styles wherever possible.

Heading 1 – Main Section 

Heading 2 – Sub-section 

Heading 3 – Sub-sub-section

Example:

Heading 1 → Indian Astronomy

Heading 2 → Major Contributions

Heading 3 → Aryabhata

Avoid:

✘ Manually formatting the headings, instead, use the default formatting option 

✘ Using inconsistent heading formats

<ol start="3" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Write clean paragraphs</li></ol>

✔ Use simple paragraphs with default spacing 

✔ Keep formatting consistent

Avoid:

✘ Multiple blank lines 

✘ Extra spaces between words 

✘ Using tabs for alignment 

✘ Decorative formatting

<ol start="4" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Use bullet and numbered lists</li></ol>

Use standard Word lists whenever possible.

Bullet List Example:

• Feature 1 

• Feature 2 

• Feature 3

Numbered List Example:

# Step One

# Step Two

# Step Three

Avoid manually creating lists using spaces or symbols.

<ol start="5" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Tables</li></ol>

✔ Use simple tables

✔ Clearly label rows and columns

✔ Keep tables readable

Avoid:

✘ Merged cells wherever possible 

✘ Excessively complex table structures

<ol start="6" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Images and illustrations</li></ol>

If you would like a cover image, audio file, or video to appear prominently within top right corner of your article (Wiki format), upload it through the "Upload Submission" section. For any additional images, figures, tables or multimedia content, we recommend inserting the file within the Word document using the “Insert” button such that you can place the file at your desired location within the document.

You may include:

✔ Images created by you

✔ Public domain images

✔ Appropriately licensed images or images for which you have obtained permission

For every image, provide: Caption, Source, Credit

Important: Do not use copyrighted images without permission, even if the source is cited.

<ol start="7" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>References and sources</li></ol>

All factual information should be supported by reliable sources.

Preferred Sources could be books, publications from academic or recognised journals, institutional reports, primary texts and reputable websites and digital archives – as applicable.

Avoid:

✘ Unsourced claims

✘ Promotional material

✘ Unverified websites

Ensure that references are cited consistently throughout the article.

<ol start="8" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Originality and attribution</li></ol>

All submissions should represent the author’s original work. When drawing upon existing sources:

✔ Cite the source appropriately

✔ Acknowledge translations where applicable

✔ Credit images, tables, and third-party content

Avoid:

✘ Copying text directly without attribution

✘ Close paraphrasing without citation

✘ Using copyrighted material without permission

All submissions may be screened for plagiarism. Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā reserves the right to decline publication of submissions containing plagiarised content or improperly attributed material.

9. Connecting knowledge

Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā is designed as an interconnected, wiki-style knowledge repository. When relevant, mention important concepts, texts, authors, places, traditions, and historical figures that may be explored through related articles on the repository.

Example:

Āyuraveda → Caraka → Suśruta → Rasāyana

<ol start="10" style="list-style-type: decimal;">

<li>Submission Checklist</li></ol>

✔ Save the file in DOCX format 

✔ Review formatting and references 

✔ Ensure all images are credited 

✔ Verify that the title and abstract are not included in the article file

----

'''Word Count:''' 670

Draft:Wqrtt

2026-07-17T07:58:45Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:wqrtt}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_5_F181_6a59e09e6919a.jpeg|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| wqrtt
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Performing Arts
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| sdtyuu
|}

1. Use Proper Heading Styles (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings cvbnjmkl;

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 272

Draft:Wqrtt

2026-07-17T07:49:09Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:wqrtt}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_5_F179_6a59de5e0cce4.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| wqrtt
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey krishna
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Performing Arts
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| sdtyuu
|}

1. Use Proper Heading Styles (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 ccvbnm,./

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 272

Draft:Test

2026-07-08T12:03:56Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:test}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_21_F93_6a4e3c91071d3.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| test
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mechanical and Digital Design and Engineering
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| xcvfgbh
|}

1. Use Proper Heading Styledfgs (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 275

Draft:Test article67

2026-06-30T07:35:52Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:test_article67}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_303_F1330_6a4371a88297b.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title <ref>[[Title]]</ref>
| test article67
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| shikhas
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| dstyui
|}

'''Remediation Response – Dependencydsfygu on Vulnerable Third-Party Components'''

'''Finding 3: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Plupload)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/moxiecode/plupload/js/plupload.full.min.js 

'''Affected Component:''' Plupload v2.3.6 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2021-23562

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Remediation Planned / Risk Managed

'''Assessment Performed'''

The identified Plupload v2.3.6 dependency is bundled with the OJS 3.3.0-21 platform and is utilized by core application workflows, including manuscript submission uploads, revision uploads, copyediting uploads, and supplementary file management.

As part of the remediation assessment, the upstream Plupload v2.3.9 release was reviewed to determine whether the vulnerable component could be upgraded independently of the OJS platform.

During this review, the distributed JavaScript artifacts provided with the upstream release were analyzed. The assessment identified that the released build files continue to contain version references associated with v2.3.6, making it difficult to conclusively verify that a direct file replacement would constitute a complete and supported remediation.

Furthermore, OJS tightly integrates the bundled Plupload component into its submission and editorial workflow processes. Direct replacement of vendor-supplied files without platform-level validation could introduce unintended compatibility issues affecting critical functionality, including manuscript submission, revision handling, copyediting operations, and supplementary file uploads.

Accordingly, a direct production replacement could not be validated as a reliable remediation approach and was not implemented.

'''Current Security Controls'''

The practical exploitation risk is mitigated through the following compensating controls:

* Upload functionality is restricted to authenticated users.

* Role-based access controls govern upload permissions.

* Server-side validation is enforced for uploaded files.

* File type restrictions are applied before processing.

* Upload operations are performed through controlled OJS workflows.

* The affected component is not exposed as a public unauthenticated upload endpoint.

* Routine platform maintenance and security monitoring procedures are in place.

'''Planned Remediation'''

This dependency has been incorporated into the platform remediation roadmap and will be addressed through a controlled upgrade to a supported OJS release containing updated third-party dependencies.

Comprehensive regression testing will be performed prior to deployment to validate submission, review, revision, copyediting, and supplementary file workflows.

'''Conclusion'''

Given the vendor dependency, the technical assessment performed, the implemented compensating controls, and the planned platform upgrade, the residual risk is currently managed and tracked through the application's remediation process.

'''Risk Acceptance Request'''

Immediate remediation is not technically feasible without introducing operational risk to critical journal workflows. The vulnerability has been documented, compensating controls are in place, and remediation has been scheduled as part of the planned OJS platform upgrade. Approval is requested to classify this finding as a managed risk pending completion of the upgrade project.

'''Finding 4: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (jQuery Validation)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/lib/pkp/js/lib/jquery/plugins/validate/jquery.validate.min.js 

'''Affected Component:''' jQuery Validation v1.19.5 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2025-3573

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Resolved

'''Remediation Performed'''

The identified vulnerable dependency, jQuery Validation v1.19.5, has been successfully upgraded to jQuery Validation v1.21.0.

Prior to deployment, the updated dependency was thoroughly validated within a staging environment to ensure compatibility with the application and its workflows.

'''Validation Activities'''

Comprehensive regression testing was performed across critical application functionality, including:

* User Authentication (Login)

* User Registration

* Password Reset and Recovery

* User Profile Management

* Manuscript Submission Workflows

* Editorial Processing Workflows

* File Upload and Validation Functions

'''Validation Results'''

No functional, performance, or compatibility issues were identified during testing. The updated dependency was successfully deployed to the production environment and all related functionality continues to operate as expected.

'''Conclusion'''

The vulnerable dependency has been upgraded to a supported and secure version and validated through comprehensive testing.

'''Recommendation'''

This finding should be considered resolved and closed.

'''Finding 5: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Vue.js)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/js/build.js 

'''Affected Component:''' Vue.js v2.6.12 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2024-9506

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Remediation Planned / Risk Managed

'''Assessment Performed'''

The identified Vue.js v2.6.12 dependency is embedded within the compiled frontend bundle (js/build.js) distributed as part of the OJS 3.3.0-21 platform.

The identified Vue.js dependency is embedded within a vendor-supplied compiled asset. The application package does not include the corresponding source build environment required to safely rebuild or replace the dependency in a vendor-supported manner, including:

* webpack configuration files

* package-lock.json

* dependency manifests

* frontend source build environment

As a result, direct replacement of the Vue.js dependency cannot be safely validated. Manual modification of the compiled bundle would not constitute a reliable remediation and may adversely affect critical platform functionality. Such modifications would create an unsupported application state and could impact future platform updates and maintenance.

Potentially impacted functionality includes:

* User authentication interfaces

* Submission workflows

* Editorial dashboards

* Frontend rendering components

* Application navigation and interaction logic

'''Current Security Controls'''

The application currently operates under multiple security controls, including:

* Authenticated access controls

* Server-side input validation

* Role-based authorization controls

* Restricted administrative access

* Ongoing security monitoring and maintenance

No evidence of active exploitation or compromise related to this dependency has been identified within the production environment.

'''Planned Remediation'''

The dependency has been incorporated into the application's upgrade roadmap and will be remediated through a controlled upgrade to a supported OJS release containing updated frontend dependencies.

Following the upgrade, comprehensive regression testing will be performed before deployment to production.

'''Conclusion'''

Because the affected Vue.js version is embedded within the vendor-supplied compiled application bundle, remediation requires a platform-level upgrade rather than an isolated library replacement.

Given the implemented compensating controls, the absence of known exploitation, and the defined upgrade roadmap, the residual risk is currently managed.

'''Risk Acceptance Request'''

Immediate remediation is not technically feasible without introducing operational risk to critical application functionality. The vulnerability has been documented, compensating controls are in place, and remediation has been scheduled as part of the planned OJS platform upgrade. Approval is requested to classify this finding as a managed risk pending completion of the upgrade project.

----

'''Word Count:''' 1130

Draft:Ruyiop

2026-06-30T07:04:58Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ruyiop}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_301_F1322_6a43694b986fd.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title <ref>[[Title]]</ref>
| ruyiop
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| shikhas
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| 7uiop
|}

1. Use Proper Heading Svhjjjuutyles (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 275

Draft:Efh

2026-06-30T06:14:30Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:efh}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title <ref>[[Title]]</ref>
| efh
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| shikhas
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Medical and Health Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| rrt
|}

'''IKS Security Vulnerability Remediation Report'''

'''Patch Status Summary 

'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''S.No.'''
! '''URL'''
! '''Vulnerability'''
! '''Risk Appetite'''
! '''Patched'''
|-
| 1
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in/ login
| Account bjl;['TakeOver
| CRITICAL
| done
|-
| 2
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in/ assets/ index- CyhmtEs8. js
| Sensitive Information in Client-Side Code (JS)
| HIGH
| done
|-
| 3
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in
| Server Version Disclosure
| LOW
| done
|-
| 4
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in
| Server Version Disclosure
| LOW
| done
|-
| 5
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in/
| Server Version Disclosure
| LOW
| done
|-
| 6
| https:/ / iks. iitk. ac. in/
| Server Version Disclosure
| LOW
| Verification performed on the server confirms that OpenSSH is updated to the latest vendor-supported package available for the deployed operating system (Ubuntu 20.04 LTS): 
No newer OpenSSH security update is available through the official Ubuntu security repositories. 
Additionally, SSH is configured with public key authentication enabled and direct root password login disabled (PermitRootLogin without-password). 
Therefore, the observation represents version/banner disclosure of a fully patched
|}

'''Remarks:''' All listed findings have been reviewed. The final OpenSSH observation was validated and confirmed as a version/banner disclosure on a fully patched and vendor-supported deployment.

----

'''Word Count:''' 278

Draft:Test article 4

2026-06-18T11:41:23Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:test article 4}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title <ref>[[Title]]</ref>
| test article <ref>[[test_article]]</ref> 4
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Speech and Linguistics
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| sdvfv
|}

1. Use Proper Headinggjhuju Styles (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 267

Draft:Saumya Test file 2 text 1suppl

2026-06-16T12:01:43Z

172.20.170.28: spacing

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Saumya Test file 2_text_1suppl}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
{| style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:50%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0px; text-align:center;" | [[File:BJS_250_F1208_6a31300547e50.jpg|center|135px]]
| style="width:50%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0px; text-align:center;" | [[File:BJS_250_F1207_6a312fe8bba24.jpg|center|135px]]
|}
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title <ref>[[Title]]</ref>
| Saumya Test file 2 text 1suppl
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| Saumya Dwivedi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Vedic Philosophical and Cognitive Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Short Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Advance
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| I have added 2 main text file (one text and one image) and one additional png supplementary file. 
|}

'''Strengthening Near-to- Home Management of Possible Serious Bacterial Infection (PSBI) in Sick Young Infants (0-59 Days) When Referral is Not Feasible: An Implementation Research Study in a Rural Block of''' '''Kanpur District, Uttar Pradesh (India)'''

'''Introduction:'''

Globally, 2.3 million newborn lives ended in the first month of life, accounting for almost half of the under-five deaths ([https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/neonatal-mortality/ ref], [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.NMRT?locations=1W&name_desc=false ref] ). Despite a considerable decline in under-5 mortality ([https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/ ref]), the reduction of neonatal mortality remains sluggish posing a challenge to the LMIC’s target of achieving the SDG goal (3.2) of “ending preventable deaths of newborns by 2030, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality below 12 per 1000 live births”. ([https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal3#targets_and_indicators ref], ref?). Amidst the largest number of neonatal deaths (39%) occurring in Southern Asia, India stands to be one in the five countries that account for half of all newborn deaths (UNICEF, 2017 (2)([https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-and-trends-in-child-mortality-2024/ ref], [https://www.unicef.org/media/89226/file/The%20State%20of%20the%20World%27s%20Children%202012.pdf ref]).

<blockquote>Sepsis & infections contribute to 35% of neonatal deaths in South Asia, making it the second major contributing cause of neonatal mortality after prematurity ([https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-and-trends-in-child-mortality-2024/ ref], [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30385-1/fulltext ref], [https://www.unicef.org/media/77166/file/Ending-preventable-newborn-deaths-and-stillbirths-by-2030-universal-health-coverage-in-2020%E2%80%932025.pdf ref]). The recommended management for sepsis and infection is inpatient treatment, however, in resource-constrained settings, accessing specialized care in higher facilities and longer hospital admission remains challenging (Ref). Large field trials from Africa and Asia demonstrated the efficacy of simplified antibiotic treatment for young infants with sepsis, and infections, broadly grouped under the syndromic category of Possible Serious Bacterial Infection or PSBI, in an outpatient setting. Building on the evidence, World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015, recommended that PSBI should be managed with a 7 days simplified antibiotic regimen ([https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i3.7873 ref], [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70347-X ref], [https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30335-7 ref]) on an outpatient basis when referral to higher facilities is not feasible ([https://journals.lww.com/pidj/abstract/2012/07000/community_based_treatment_of_serious_bacterial.2.aspx ref], [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03046-9 ref], [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539225/ ref], [https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/pages/default.aspx ref], [https://doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:S0140673696908569 ref], [https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i3.7873 ref]). This further contextualized in broader Integrated Management of Newborn and Child Illness or IMNCI guideline that provides a tool for non- specialists to systematically classify , identify treatment and manage various morbidities amongst children upto 5 years of age.

</blockquote>

In 2014, an operational guidelines empowered Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) to use injectable gentamicin along with oral antibiotics for management of sepsis in young infants when referral is not feasible was released ([https://tripuranrhm.gov.in/Guidlines/2606201401.pdf ref]). A subsequent addendum was published in 2017 that included all primary care workers ( Medical Officers, ANMs, Staff Nurse and Community Health Officers) , reduced a couple of danger signs and changed gentamicin dose strength to harmonize with global WHO recommendation (Ref). However, despite the formulation of the WHO protocol and operational guidelines to establish IMNCI as a central strategy to improve newborn outcomes, the grassroot implementation of IMNCI could not be successful even in the initial years of formulation and scale-up. ([https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2006.v84n10/768-768/en/ ref], [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Operational%20Guidelines%20for%20Implementation%20of%20Integrated%20Management%20of%20Neonatal%20and%20Childhood%20Illness%20(IMNCI)&publication_year=2006& ref]).

PSBI management guideline was integrated conceptually with others related programmes, like Home Based Newborn Care , Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) ([https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=3&sublinkid=842&lid=308 ref]), IMNCI (Integrated Management of Newborn & Childhood Illness) & most recently SAANS (Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully) for treatment management ([https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=1438&lid=790 ref]). But at the system level, program-specific mandates continue to be implemented in a fragmented manner, rather than a comprehensive, case-based care continuum resulting in poor outcomes due to truncated care pathways. Thus, contributing to poor identification coverage ([https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05805-2 ref]), lack of community awareness, delay in formalized care seeking, collectively resulting in underutilisation of services or fragmented care and plurality of treatment. Previous studies across south Asia established the feasibility of implementing the simplified antibiotic regimen at the primary healthcare facilities for the treatment of PSBI (ref, ref, ref). However, for most of these studies, the primary focus area remained operationalizing facilities to successfully manage infants who reached the facility. Moreover, the strategies around strengthening the communities for identification and care seeking and adherence to treatment remained blur. Our study aimed at developing a scalable mother-infant centric model to improve the coverage of PSBI identification and its recommended treatment in young infants of age 0-59 days with PSBI. It demonstrated a multipronged grounds-up approach of concurrently building the demand and supply of newborn healthcare services through (1) improving community recognition of danger signs and promoting appropriate and timely care-seeking in community and (2) Operationalization of primary healthcare facilities for PSBI case management.

'''Methodology:'''

'''Study Site & Study Setting''':

The study was conducted in Shivrajpur block in Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, situated approximately 35 Kms (26°51′26″N 79°06′54″E) from the heart of Kanpur city.

[[File:BJS_250_image1.png|397x454px]]xx. This rural block has a total of 36 public health facilities, including one Community Health Center, 4 Primary Health Centers and 29 Ayushman Aarogya Mandirs that cater to a population of 1,33,839, with 52.7% (70485) males and 47.3% (63354) females, and a crude birth rate of 19.5. Based on three years of retrospective data collection, the stillbirth rate was found to be 3.10% against the xx(Ref). 77% of the births are institutional. In context to public health service delivery, even though the Ayushman Arogya Mandir are evenly distributed, covering a population size of ~5000, these facilities were under establishment phase and remained under-resourced. PHC’s on the other hand remained largely under-prioritized. The CHC, served as key nodal facility in the referral chain within the block, but this facility also is constrained in providing intermittent paediatric services for only limited days and hours, subject to the availability of paediatrician. As can be seen in the map (Figure 1), the area is fairly dotted with unqualified medical practitioners, underscoring the dominance of informal care networks. The population therefore relied on either the 2 private facilities located within the block or the multiple private practitioners in nearby peri-urban. The nearest tertiary care facility is the government medical college located 37 Kms from the block .

'''Study Design'''

This implementation study was designed to develop a mother infant centric model to identify and manage sick young infant with PSBI. The study spanned across a period of 23 months from May 2023 to March 2025 with three major phases:a. Formative phase, b. Model Conceptualization phase and c. Model Implementation and refinement phase. The a mixed methods approach was adapted to capture implementation learning, triangulating qualitative and quantitative data which rapidly informed refinement strategies in multiple iterative cycles for understanding, co-designing & model crystallization. Implementation research principles were utilised to map various barriers and facilitators according to the Design Outcome cascade Framework (Ref). The framework included both, the top down and bottom up approach for the outcome analysis and design thinking respectively. The Imeplemtation support team engaged with stakeholders and beneficiaries to understand the context and inform the model from the ground level. Block health system led various strategies and implementation of interventions and PSBI management guideline. The research team monitored the processes and impact of the implementation strategy. We evaluated the effective coverage, process outcomes and key performance indicators during each iterative cycle. Although the model targeted sick young infants with PSBI, from a user centric design perspective, the scope of the model was expanded to support mothers of infants with any sickness within the stipulated age group.

'''Formative Phase:'''

The study began with an initial round of sensing and mapping of the study site, resources and stakeholders. This phase focused on understanding the home care practices around young infant and elucidating a care pathway of the infant if found to be sick. The study team tracked all the service providers within the area including government facilities, private practitioners as well as Unqualified Medical Practitioners where the families were seeking care for sick young infants. This was accomplished through in-depth qualitative assessments, including in depth interviews, focused group discussions and observations at home and in the facility. The stakeholder context mapping was conducted according to the Knowledge, Skill, Motivation & Enabling Environment (KSME) Framework (Ref) for stakeholders across the service delivery pathway including, ASHA, ASHA Sangini, ANM, CHO, Block management unit, pharmacists, ambulance manager among few. During the later part of the study also, qualitative assessments were conducted which are detailed in Table 1

'''xx'''

Table 1: Qualitative assessments conducted during the formative and implementation phase of the study.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| S. No
| Participants
| Purpose
| Method
| Timeline
| Sample Size
|-
| 1
| Mothers and caregivers

who have reported any

illness in the first 60 days

of life

| Journey mapping of sick young infants with identification, care seeking and treatment as key milestones.
| In depth interview
|
|
|-
| 2
| Mothers and caregivers of

Young infants, both

sick and healthy

| Understanding acceptance of model

strategies and utilization of key services by caregivers, and taking suggestions on model/ service improvement

| Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
|
|
|-
| 3
| Young infants with PSBI being cared for at home/ post discharge
| Documenting care practices at home, including routine practices, caregiver involvement, decision making, use of medication, challenges, etc.
| Non-participant

observation at home.

|
|
|-
| 4.
| Young infants with PSBI being

cared at a primary healthcare facility.

| Understanding the care of sick young infants at primary hospitals, Including processes of outpatient consultation, emergency care, admission, discharge, treatment, record-keeping, supplies, etc.
| Non-participant

Observation at the facility.

|
|
|-
| 5.
| ASHA workers,ASHA Supervisors (referred as Sanginis)
| Understanding the existing role, knowledge, Skills, motivation and

Enabling environment for Community health workers who may potentially play

a role in PSBI identification, community referrals and follow-up.

| 1. Field observations:

2. In-depth interviews (IDIs)

3. Focus Group

Discussions (FGDs)

|
|
|-
| 6.
| Front line care providers: Staff nurses, ANM, Community Health Officer (CHO), Pharmacists, trained and Unqualified medical

Practitioners.

| Understanding the existing role, knowledge, Skills, motivation and

Enabling environment of service providers (both public & private) who

may potentially play a role in community based PSBI management and assessing

| 1. Field observations:

2. In-depth interviews

3. Focus Group

Discussions

|
|
|-
| 7.
| Program Managers & implementers, Facility-In- Charges, at block, district & state levels;

Political representatives at village, block and higher levels;

Leaders of professional medical and

Nursing associations & experts.

| Understanding the policy and implementation climate, implementation,

information and management needs and

challenges of the health system, prospective participation in co-designing & improving PSBI management.

| 1. In-depth interviews

from each management/

leadership.

2. Brainstorming/ codesign

workshops

|
|
|-
| 8.
| Facility observation during case assessment & management
| Conducted to understand the adherence and quality of implementation of IMNCI protocol.
| Observation form
|
|
|}

'''Model Development'''

'''Inception of model blueprint:''' A Human Centric Design (HCD) (ref), was the underlying approach for developing a model blueprint. The primary focus of the model was to design solutions contouring around the user needs and address end-to-end care delivery for sick young infants. A set of 5 broad themes were mapped for strategizing towards building a seamless care continuum based on the learnings from baseline & formative work. This was done during a co-design workshop with paediatricians and experts who convened every 6 months for consultation on model iterations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
| *
*
*
*

| *
*
*

| *
*
*
*

|
|-
| *
*
*

| *

| *
*

|
|-
| *
*

| *
*

| *
*
*

|
|-
| *
*
*

| *
*
*

|
|
|}

'''Iterative Implementation Phase''':

The co-design phase dynamically fused into the model refinement phase. This phase saw a gradual transition in the health system context where outpatient management at primary healthcare facilities was established by February 2023 onwards which had significant impact on the referrals and pathway for management of sick YI that now moved. To document the programmatic outcomes, a Design Outcome Cascade framework was utilized. This is a pragmatic multipronged approach where implementers design solutions starting from end user at the bottom of the cascade moving up the hierarchy while the outcomes are measured top to bottom, going from system, to program, provider and subsequently the end user. This cascade involves both top-down and bottom-up approach with a cascade flow across various levels of the system hierarchy. This approach gave opportunity to have rapid reiterations at multiple levels to overcome any implementation barriers and bottlenecks giving multiple opportunities to revise various implementations strategies.

'''Implementation strategies'''

# '''Helpline for identification & coordination'''

The aforementioned pathway of establishing a helpline for identification of birth and illness, case mobilization and coordination was a key strategy to strengthen & build the demand side of the implementation process ensuring the sick newborns reach public health facilities to seek care. Additionally, this strategy targeted at empowering each and every stakeholder with necessary support to leverage their role in newborn care.

* Tool for mother to seek immediate care and advice for her newborn, and build her awareness and knowledge.

* A quick solution for ASHA to notify and document birth related information within 24 hours of birth, and reinforcing danger sign counselling tomothers.

* Sangini can track & review performance of ASHAs she supervises.

* CHO in identifying sickness cases within the catchment area of their AAM/HWC.

* MOIC & BPMU can track overall data indicators around birth and sickness along with FHW performance.

Thereby, this system ensured the end-to-end coordination shifting the paradigm to individualised care for every newborn.

'''2. Co-designing Pathway of SYI care: ''' Given the newborn healthcare context during the early study phase, there was a felt need for active intervention to facilitate sickness identification, one-on-one counselling to facilitate care seeking to formal healthcare facilities, and coordination between provider at facility and caregivers to ensure timely services at healthcare facilities. During the initial co-design workshop with community stakeholders primarily including ASHA & mothers, a concept of centralised helpline for birth and sickness notification emerged. In subsequent co-design workshops with community leaders, experts and program implementers, the role of this centralized helpline was redefined to incorporate care coordination which was a major missing piece that was essential to ensure no newborn slips through the existing care gaps. Thus, a centralized care coordination system was conceived, which was better known as ‘SakshaMa’ helpline by mothers and ASHA’s in the community. This system not only handheld families, but it also served as an overarching mechanism that tracked service delivery at every milestone across the care journey thereby helping the leadership and implementers in tracking real time data, progress and performance. The later part of the co-design phase was focussed on establishing the “CCCS pathway for YI care” that has been described in figure (x) along with the following detailed steps:

[[File:BJS_250_image2.png|842x471px]]Figure x: Establishing the pathway of newborn care through central care coordination system

'''2.1. Birth notification:''' Early birth identification was the most fundamental need in order to identify any potential sickness in the most vulnerable period of the first day and first week of birth for the infant. To obtain real-time information on births occurring within the catchment area, a potential pathway was co-designed at block level & tested in the catchment area of 2 Sangini. The ASHA & Sangini were provided with birth reporting format & birth register respectively. They were also given a card with a helpline number to which birth reporting could be reported via a call. Upon the success of this pilot, the process was launched and inaugurated by leadership at block.

'''2.2 Illness Identification:''' HBNC is the primary source for sickness identification, however, given the context of poor frequency & quality of HBNC (Ref), an alternative supportive strategy was adopted to empower ASHA’s and more importantly the mothers for improving community identification of danger signs. This was done by emphasizing on repeated Counselling & Practice to ensure skill transfer in conducting daily assessments by mother while caring for her baby.

Pathway involved giving helpline card to caregivers by Staff nurses at the time of birth with a detailed counselling session that utilized counselling IEC, danger sign videos & practice for each of the seven danger signs. Mothers were asked to report to the helpline in case they identify any of these signs. Also, this counselling was reinforced in two ways post discharge, one through the HBNC visitation and second through virtual counselling that was conducted once the ASHA reported births to the helpline that registered these births in the database for delivery of the intervention. These calls were of two types: Inbound calls where the mother on the basis of counselling actively reported sickness to the helpline. Other being the outbound calls (helpline->families) were interspersed across the first 60 days of life, with one-on-one counselling call that are made on days 4, 7, 11, and 17 after birth. These calls virtually assesses the young infant (YI) for any illness and reinforces understanding and recognition of danger signs.To optimize process, the call of the later time points were replaced by IVR (Interactive Voice Response) calls that are made on days 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, and 57 after birth. If a mother reports an illness during an IVR call, the helpline follows up with a one on one call to the family to assess the infant virtually. Therefore, the helpline equipped the mother with a 24 x 7 support for guidance on newborn care and sickness reporting.

'''2.3. Virtual screening & Illness Algorithm''': An illness algorithm was co-designed with a panel of paediatricians to screen illnesses reported over mobile phones. This screening was based on the chief complaint by the mother and each chief complaint was recorded by the remote guide assistant (RGA, based on the reported symptoms, a set of leading questions were asked to the mother/caregiver to prepare a first level case sheet documenting chief complaint and danger signs reported if any. Once a case sheet is prepared, it is shared with a virtual panel of paediatricians who virtually assess and review it to give feedback to the RGA and triage the case redirecting it to the nearest and appropriate facility. This step involving the virtual panel was later removed during reiterations as it increased coordination time & could be replaced by the health system once the providers were trained.

'''2.4 Assessment:''' These illnesses that were identified in the community were flagged across the block FHWs hierarchy through telephone call (for ASHA) & Whatsapp Group (for CHO & BPMU). The case sheet along with accountable CHO were notified on this group for accountability. Also, if CHO was unavailable or unresponsive, the family was redirected to CHC for assessment. If the infant was found to be critical they were immediately mobilised for CHC and family was supported to avail ambulance service through involvement of ASHA.

'''2.5 Treatment:''' The helpline ensures the family reaches the facility that can conduct proper assessment and administer treatment. In the initial phase of the study the helpline primarily facilitated care coordination to tertiary facilities for critical cases and cases with PSBI, whereas in the later part IMNCI protocolised primary healthcare was improved through various implementation strategies which enabled treatment within the block, referring only to CI cases.

'''2.6 Follow-Up:''' For supervision of home-based care & outpatient management, the helpline ensures one follow-up call to every SYI every alternate day till the baby recovers. These follow-ups include nudging the family for proper adherence to prescribed medication and follow up visitations.

'''3.''' '''Skill Strengthening & Confidence building'''

'''3.1 Recognition & Identification of Danger Sign:''' The awareness of ASHA on danger signs was an essential prerequisite to strengthen community based recognition of illness. This was not only limited to ASHA’s own illness recognition skills, but her overall ability to transfer this skill to the mothers. In order to build sustainable and scalable solutions around this domain, the role of Sangini’s (ASHA supervisor) was leveraged from supervision to establishing a dynamic team leadership (ref, ref). Implementation support team conducted periodic training and mentoring sessions during the early model development period and started setting up the stage for ASHA Sangini to take complete responsibility of training their respective teams through audio visual materials, IEC and interactions during cluster meetings. These meetings also gave opportunity to assess data driven performance review through dashboards that gave a glimpse to the progress of ASHA’s on birth reporting, individual case journeys and their successes and failures, this service delivery oriented format changed the outlook towards cluster meetings from a report compiling and fund disbursing exercise to a real time experiential learning process that provided encouragement and learning opportunities for these frontline teams.

'''3.2 Protocolised assessment & management of PSBI:''' Simplification of IMNCI protocols for its adaptation into scalable solutions was done keeping in mind the needs of non pediatric medical officers (MOs) & Community health officers (CHOs) who found recalling assessment steps and calculating pediatric doses to be increasingly difficult. They were hesitant in handling these pediatric cases and saw them beyond their existing scope of work. Therefore, besides orientation on scope of work and existing guidelines, the team had the challenge for designing solutions that could serve as a guiding process. Multiple solutions were co-designed and implemented and refined such that they could be useful in different contexts and settings. Initial solution that was quickly implemented was designing of a rubber stamp with vitals of the infants and list of 7 danger signs, this was stamped on the OPD slip and served as a quick and sustainable method for documenting the symptomatic details alongwith disease classification on the OPD slip. The other solution developed is a sophisticated digital application to guide assessment and assist in decision making around treatment identification. Existing implementation solutions around IMNCI were modified and simplified based on user needs with emphasis on action steps: job aid guiding subclassification, treatment identification and dosage calculation was developed and provided to implementers, this served as a reference guide for above three major steps of the IMNCI based management process. Additionally, a concise and modified treatment card was implemented for documenting daily antibiotic administration along with patient consent for outpatient management in case of referral refusal. These solutions not only improved assessment and management but also ensured documentation serving the dual purpose of tracking monitoring as well as safeguarding rights of the care providers, thereby improving acceptability of the solutions. The materials are attached in the supplementary section.

'''3.3 Post training confidence building & hand holding:'''

Training of medical officers and CHO on the IMNCI package has been implemented across various sites in the previous studies. The current work also relied on the WHO package but abridged the package based on need of the end users including medical officers and Community health Workers by shifting the focus of the package from theoretical case studies to practical exposure of cases in wards at medical college. However, it was found that the training package, though necessary, seemed insufficient to address the implementation gaps at the community level. The non MBBS medical officers and the CHO despite training were still hesitant in administering treatment especially injectables, they needed additional handholding to confidently & successfully manage infants who were to be managed as outpatients in cases of refusal to referral or in cases where pre referral dose was to be administered. The confidence building cycle began by testing a co-designed solution of setting up a rotational duty roster for the community health officers at CHC under the apprenticeship of medical officers. They were supported by IS team for the initial cases along with additional guidance by pediatric medical officers in cases where they needed suggestions. The support was required until they assessed 10-15 cases and managed 2-3 cases administering the 7 day regimen successfully after which most care providers developed the confidence in handling cases independently under remote guidance of medical officers.

'''4.''' '''Facility Operationalization:'''

To build the supply side of the implementation process, the operationalisation of primary health facilities for effective assessment, outpatient management & referral pathway was a must. The research team co-designed processes that were in line with the recent policy scenario, SAANS guideline, local context and the comprehensive primary healthcare (CPHC) program that include Ayushman Bharat Ayushman Arogya Mandir (AB-AAM) initiative. The model development therefore accelerated the pace of implementation of the AB-HWC initiative and started leveraging the role of Community Health Officers as a prospective cadre for community based management. Although, the Health & Wellness Centre establishment was under process, it experienced hiccups at each step. Despite several efforts, e-Sanjeevani could not be strengthened and posed a major bottleneck owing to availability of doctors and connectivity related challenges. This was overcome by building capacity and functionality at CHC’s & PHC, and establishing leadership of MO for owning the HWC in their respective catchment area. The MO provided the tele-consultation through the mobile network and supported CHO in treatment identification in accordance to the IMNCI protocol..

Facility functionalization also involved bridging other typical implementation gaps such as establishing smooth process for indentation of consumables for which community health officers and MO had joint meetings with leadership on process orientation. Availability of equipments was also ensured during similar discussions through utilisation of untied funds allotted for each AB-AAM and PHC or CHC. In addition to all the above processes that have been described in previous literature, this study additionally focussed on team based approach to strengthening the outreach of HWC. This team included the three frontline health worker cadres: the ASHA, Anganwadi & the ANM. This also provided the necessary support and grounding of CHO who were fresh graduates from urban areas to “settle in” and function within the community setting. With all resources in place and the necessary exposure in handling 10-15 cases, the CHO gained confidence in treatment & management of YI in community setting and referring patients only if required.

Another important component that was crucial in sustaining and progressing the operationalisation was the strengthening of documentation and reporting. This was approached not just from the perspective of record keeping, but also from the perspective of safeguarding the rights of the care provider as a value proposition for accomplishing the tasks of proper documentation. The major points were, maintenance of register with basic records for young infants, treatment card with patient consent and OPD slip documenting vitals and danger signs symptoms presented in young infants.

'''5.''' '''Establishing system accountability & leadership for sustainability'''



A very helpful tool in creating motivation for reporting and increasing the active engagement of the frontline health workers was to co-design and implement the performance dashboards. While the existing system struggled with keeping track of the primary data itself, this evolved process not only gave the real-time data tracking mechanism but also provided a consolidated dashboard for periodic performance reviews of each cadre. These performance reviews gradually transformed the approach of the system from being instructional and punishment-based to self-reflective and socially rewarding, thereby creating a more respectful and encouraging working environment that nurtured innate leadership skills. Other forms of strategies to fill in the system-level gaps included the Orientation of medical officers on IMNCI protocol and setting accountability for treatment, management and supportive supervision of CHO in the management of young infants along with the administration of injectables. A cascade training approach was utilized to save time and resources and achieve a scalable model. Subsequently, the skill building at the block level was achieved by utilizing the additional expenses through an innovative interconnected team-based approach. Each of the teams and their performance was supported and enhanced by supervision and handholding at the facility level on an individual case basis through a direct facility-based feedback system. A process of documentation, record keeping and live reporting & updating at the block level was also established through a series of small changes in the documentation process that made the record-keeping and implementation of the IMNCI treatment card possible. These strategies were implemented under the canopy of the district co-designing team that comprised the CMO, ACMO, DCPM & the program learning team.



'''Evaluation''' '''Data Collection & Analysis:'''

The research data was collected by a team of qualitative researchers and quantitative data collectors. The quantitative data collection team consisted of field workers who visited families and primary healthcare facilities, as well as Remote Guide Assistants (RGAs) in CCCS who gathered information from families and community health workers telephonically. Additionally, a separate facility monitoring team was responsible for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data from healthcare facilities.

During the formative phase of the study, qualitative researchers engaged with block and district health system leadership, supply chain managers, ambulance managers, and community healthcare providers including ASHAs, Sanginis, staff nurses, Community Health Officers (CHOs), and both pediatric and non-pediatric Medical Officers. They also interacted with mothers and caregivers of newborns, as well as community influencers such as Gram Pradhan’s, political leaders, and local youth, to understand the existing health system context and to develop the initial version of the model (M0).

Quantitative data was collected by field data collectors and RGAs of CCCS. Field data collectors conducted multiple home visits within the first 60 days of an infant’s life, including scheduled follow-up visits on Days 15, 30, 45, and 60, visits when family reported illnesses in young infants, and on Day 8 after treatment initiation to determine treatment outcome. Data collection was conducted using the digital platform CommCare. The field team received training on CommCare usage, identification of PSBI signs in young infants, and standardization sessions every six weeks by IMNCI-trained personnel.

RGAs telephonically collected and recorded birth information from ASHAs, scheduled follow-up data (on Days 4, 7, 11, and 17), and sickness-related data using the Zoho Creator.

All quantitative data was securely stored on CommCare and Zoho Creator. The collected data was subsequently downloaded from storage servers, and descriptive analysis was conducted using MS Excel to calculate proportions and frequencies.

xx

'''Ethical Considerations:''' The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of CEL and the WHO-ERC. Written informed consent was obtained from families/mothers at the time of birth registration, explaining the relevance, purpose & scope of work. The participants were informed that participation and agreement/disagreement for participation in the study would result in no direct physical benefit or harm. All the participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any point in time. Each baby was assigned a unique mother-baby ID, and all personal information was securely stored on a safe data server using standard data security and encryption practices for accepting, transmitting, processing, and storing data.

'''Results:''' 

'''Birth and Illness identification coverage:'''

Over the 23-month study period (May 2023–March 2025), a total of 4,280 (93%) live births were recorded in the study area, compared to an expected 4,599 births estimated from a three-year retrospective survey. Across this, period, a total of 2,565 sickness episodes were recorded. More than half of these (1,602/2,565; 62.4%) were notified to the Centralized Care Coordination System (CCC). Mothers and family members were the main identifiers of illness in the community, accounting for 53% and 29% of the cases, respectively.

'''Table:''' Programmatic coverage across the study

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Implementation cycle'''
| '''Cycle 1'''
| '''Cycle 2'''
| '''Cycle 3'''
| '''Cycle 4'''
| '''Cycle 5'''
| '''Cycle 6'''
| '''Total'''
|-
| '''Time period'''
| '''May 23 to'''

'''Aug 23'''

| '''Sep 23 to'''

'''Dec 23'''

| '''Jan 24 to'''

'''Apr 24'''

| '''May 24 to'''

'''Aug 24'''

| '''Sep 24 to'''

'''Dec 24'''

| '''Jan 25 to'''

'''Mar 25'''

| '''2 May 23 to'''

'''31 Mar 25'''

'''(23 months)'''

|-
| Total no. of live births
| 907
| 929
| 686
| 766
| 823
| 169
| 4280
|-
| Births captured by CCCS
| 801(88.3)
| 759(81.7)
| 511(74.5)
| 545(71.1)
| 702(85.3)
| 133(78.7)
| 3451(80.6)
|-
| Total no of sickness episodes
| 440
| 485
| 456
| 466
| 526
| 97
| 2470
|-
| No of sickness captured by CCCS
| 296(67.3)
| 291(60.0)
| 256(56.1)
| 293(62.9)
| 316(60.1)
| 67(69.1)
| 1519(61.5)
|-
| Sickness reported in inbound calls
| 166(56.1)
| 148(50.9)
| 91(35.5)
| 89(30.4)
| 64(20.3)
| 20(29.9)
| 578(38.1)
|}

'''Awareness of Newborn Danger Signs'''

[[File:BJS_250_image3.png|788x428px|https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcO9SVHoggAPunuZ3u0CTZlP4wgv07Y63kbwycDaDJHMW0P2j6uD4JzFfzlmCwxAQA49TaRP7KzIOepOsaCKnKj5e39j7Q8T3PsoEUk0iVDNfUKBZSH1c-wyCOT9WOzHVVdnUydsA?key=81SHHvB03CltjYHjU6R7MyXd]]

On day 30 post-delivery, 76% of mothers were aware of at least one newborn danger sign—an improvement from 66% in the initial phase. High fever remained the most recognized sign (>97% across all cycles). Awareness of breathing difficulty and feeding problems increased over time, with breathing difficulty rising from 40.6% in Cycle 1 to over 70% in Cycle 6, and feeding difficulty from 62.6% to 67.2%. In contrast, awareness of low body temperature fluctuated (35–57%), while lethargy and seizures remained the least recognized (<32%). Notably, seizure awareness rose slightly from 3.9% to 13.4% by Cycle 6.

'''Identification of PSBI Cases'''

During the implementation phase of the study (April 2024 to March 2025), a total of 126 young infants (0–59 days) with Possible Serious Bacterial Infection (PSBI) were identified. Assuming that 10% of all births develop PSBI, we achieve the PSBI treatment coverage of 75% (ref, ref, ref). The majority of these cases (83%) were identified by mothers (Table below).

'''ASHA Performance'''

37.1% (1296/3496) did not receive any HBNC visit, 41.7% (1461/3496) of families received at least two visits, while 23.5% (823/3496) received three or more HBNC visits. Among those who received at least one HBNC visit, the average number of visits was 2.34.

In the first week of life, only 36.4% (492/1350) of newborns received one visit, while 63.5% (858/1350) received two or more visits. The average number of ASHA visits during the first seven days are 1.86. Only 11.4% (179/1565) of families being accompanied by an ASHA during facility visits.

Table x: Details of ASHA visitation and her role in identification

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| '''ASHA Performance'''
|-
| Overall ASHA HBNC visits
| n(%)
|-
| No visit
| 1296 (37.1)
|-
| Atleast 2 ASHA visits
| 1461(41.7)
|-
| 3 or more visits
| 823(23.5)
|-
| Average number of HBNC visits (among those who received atleast one visit)
| 2.34 visits
|-
| ASHA visits during first week of life
|
|-
| 1 visit
| 492(36.4)
|-
| 2 or more visits
| 858(63.5)
|-
| Average number of ASHA visits during first 7 days
| 1.86 visits
|-
| Families accompanied by ASHA to health facilities
| 179 (11.4)
|}

'''Care seeking and place of assessment'''

Among all sickness episodes, 46.8% of families sought care at government primary health facilities (Ayushman Arogya Mandir, Primary Health Centers, or Community Health Centers). Care-seeking at district hospitals and medical colleges remained low, at only 0.2% and 1.9%, respectively. For PSBI cases, around three-fourths of the affected infants were taken to Community Health Centers for treatment. A small proportion (~5%) received care at Health and Wellness Centers. Notably, 20% of PSBI cases were taken directly to tertiary care facilities.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6"| '''Identification, Assessment, Referral, Treatment, and Outcomes of Young Infants Aged 0–59 Days with PSBI by clinical Sub classification'''
|-
| '''Parameters'''
| '''Total infants 0-59 days with PSBI'''
| '''Infants 0-59 days with Critical Illness'''
| '''Infants 0-59 days with Clinical Severe Infection'''
| '''Infants 0-6 days with Fast breathing Only (Severe Pneumonia)'''
| '''Infants 7-59 days with Fast Breathing Only (Pneumonia)'''
|-
| '''1. Identification'''
| '''(n=126)'''
| '''(n=21)'''
| '''(n=69)'''
| '''(n=15)'''
| '''(n=21)'''
|-
| By Mothers
| '''105'''
| 13
| 59
| 13
| 20
|-
| By Family members
| '''12'''
| 1
| 8
| 1
| 2
|-
| By Healthcare providers
| '''7'''
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| During follow-up visit
| '''2'''
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 0
|-
| '''2. Case assessment Facility'''
| 126
| 21
| 69
| 15
| 21
|-
| CHC
| '''96'''
| 9
| 56
| 14
| 17
|-
| HWC
| '''6'''
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 4
|-
| Other tertiary care facilities
| '''24'''
| 11
| 13
| 0
| 0
|-
| '''3. Assessor at primary healthcare facilities'''
| 102
| 10
| 56
| 15
| 21
|-
| Medical officer (MO)
| '''12'''
| 2
| 6
| 3
| 1
|-
| Community health officer (CHO)
| '''89'''
| 7
| 50
| 12
| 20
|-
| Staff Nurse
| '''1'''
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| colspan="6"| '''4. Referral History (for cases assessed at Primary Health facilities)'''
|-
| Advised referral to higher healthcare facilities with pediatric care
| '''82'''
| 10
| 56
| 15
| 1
|-
| Referral accepted
| '''33*'''
| 10
| 21
| 1
| 1
|-
| Administered prereferral dose
| '''20'''
| 5
| 15
| 0
| 0
|-
| Number of PSBI cases managed at primary healthcare facilities
| '''67'''
| 0
| 33
| 14
| 20
|-
| CHC
| '''62'''
| 0
| 33
| 13
| 16
|-
| HWC
| '''5'''
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 4
|-
| colspan="6"| '''5. Treatment compliance for PSBI cases managed with Simplified antibiotic regimen at primary health facilities'''
|-
| '''5.1. No. of injection gentamicin doses received'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 7 injections
| '''22'''
| -
| 22
| rowspan="4" colspan="2"|
|-
| 2-6 injections
| '''5'''
| -
| 5
|-
| 1 injection
| '''0'''
| -
| 0
|-
| 0 injection
| '''6'''
| -
| 6
|-
| '''5.2. No. of oral Amoxicillin doses received'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 14 doses
| '''41'''
| -
| 24
| 5
| 12
|-
| 10-13 doses
| '''8'''
| -
| 1
| 6
| 1
|-
| 1-9 doses
| '''16'''
| -
| 7
| 3
| 6
|-
| 0 dose
| '''1'''
| -
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| Other antibiotics received
| '''1'''
| -
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| '''6. Adherence to simplified antibiotic treatment'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Treated for 7 days
| '''38'''
| -
| 21
| 5
| 12
|-
| Dropped in between
| '''28'''
| -
| 11
| 9
| 8
|-
| Treated for 7 days with gaps
| '''1'''
| -
| 1
| 0
| 0
|-
| colspan="6"| '''7. Outcome on Day 8 who received simplified antibiotic regimen at primary healthcare facilities'''
|-
| Recovered
| '''61'''
| -
| 30
| 12
| 19
|-
| Still sick
| '''6'''
| -
| 3
| 2
| 1
|-
| Dead
| '''0'''
| -
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| '''8. Outcome on day 8 for cases who accepted referral to higher facilities'''
| '''33'''
| '''10'''
| '''21'''
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
|-
| Recovered
| '''25'''
| 10
| 14
| 0
| 1
|-
| Still sick
| '''6'''
| 0
| 6
| 0
| 0
|-
| Dead
| '''2'''
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
|-
| '''9. Outcome on day 8 for cases who visited to higher facilities outside the study site'''
| '''24'''
| '''11'''
| '''13'''
| '''0'''
| '''0'''
|-
| Recovered
| '''17'''
| '''6'''
| '''11'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|-
| Still sick
| '''3'''
| '''2'''
| '''1'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|-
| Dead
| '''3'''
| '''2'''
| '''1'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|-
| Outcome unknown
| '''1'''
| '''1'''
| '''0'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
|}

'''PSBI Assessment and Referral from Primary healthcare facilities'''

All the cases assessed at primary healthcare facilities, the majority (89/102, 87%) of them were assessed by community health officers, followed by medical officers (~12%) and one case by staff nurse at CHC. Of the 82 cases advised referral to higher facilities for pediatric care (10 CI, 56 CSI, 15 Severe Pneumonia, 1 Pneumonia), referral acceptance was 40%. A pre-referral dose (injection gentamicin and oral amoxicillin based on subclassification) was administered to 60.1% (20/33) of these cases.

'''Treatment Compliance and Adherence '''

A total of 67 PSBI cases (47 who did not accept referral and 20 pneumonia cases) were managed with a simplified antibiotic regimen at primary healthcare facilities (62 at CHCs, 5 at HWCs). Of these, 33 cases were classified as Clinical Severe Infection (CSI), and two-thirds received the complete 7-dose course of injection gentamicin. Cases of Severe Pneumonia (14) and Pneumonia (20) were managed with oral amoxicillin, with 36% (5/14) of Severe Pneumonia cases and 60% (12/20) of Pneumonia cases completing all 14 doses.

'''Outcome'''

The treatment outcomes of infants with PSBI and managed with a simplified antibiotic regimen at primary healthcare facilities, as well as those who sought care directly to tertiary healthcare facilities outside the study site, was assessed on day 8 after treatment initiation. Among the 67 infants managed on an outpatient basis at primary healthcare facilities, 91% (61/67) had recovered, while 9% (6/67) were still sick, including three cases of Clinical Severe Infection (CSI), two cases of Severe Pneumonia, and one case of Only Fast Breathing (FB). No deaths were reported among those managed on an outpatient basis.

Among the 33 infants who were referred and received inpatient treatment, 76% (25/33) recovered, while 18% (6/33) were found sick on day 8. Mortality was found in 6% (2/33) of cases (1 CSI, 1 severe pneumonia).

In contrast, of the 24 infants who went directly to tertiary care facilities outside the study site, 70.8% (17/24) recovered, while 12.5% (3/24) remained sick. Mortality was found highest in this group, with 12.5% (3/24) of cases resulting in death, and for one case, the outcome was unknown. For two cases (CSI) where the family left the facility without informing, one case was found healthy and one was still sick on the day 8 outcome.

'''Formative Phase''' '''understanding'''

During the formative phase, only 3 Ayushmaan Arogya Mandir had basic infrastructure which still lacked water & electricity supply. CHC was the only facility that operated at some level, but due to the lack of quality of services & unavailability of healthcare providers, it catered marginally to a minuscule population. There was no NBSU, and a pediatrician was also available 2 days a week based on facility observation during qualitative immersion. The nearest healthcare service available for newborns was a well trusted private hospital 26 Kms away from the block while the government medical college 32 Kms away, the district hospital was not the preferred choice of facility and was farther away than the medical college (37 Kms). Therefore, the community primarily had to rely on UMP and private hospitals due to 24X7 availability of services and perceived good quality of care, or they reached out to traditional healers owing the community’s faith & beliefs. The table (3) below highlights the various barriers at the system level, community level that led to development of the strategic themes for the model.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''System Context'''
| '''Community Context'''
| '''Solutioning Focus'''
| '''Strategic Themes'''
|-
| * Identification was expected to happen through HBNC visitations by ASHA
* ASHA home visits were poor in both frequency & quality.
* No information on sickness available to providers.
* Block received compiled birth information by the end of month & hence had no mechanism to review sickness or quality and performance of HBNC & ASHA respectively.

| * Mother/Caregivers were not aware of PSBI danger signs in newborns.
* They did not see the role of ASHA in newborn care.
* Community had its own disease etiology and treatment pathway.

| * Develop a mechanism for identification of sick babies from the birth cohort.
* Community & mothers awareness on danger signs
* Flag this sickness across the block level health system for action.
* Improve skills of ASHA & strengthen role in newborn care

| Making all sick babies visible
|-
| * The sick young infants were not managed at primary healthcare facilities due to suboptimal resources including absence of healthcare providers and infrastructure.
* Lack of skills and confidence of providers in managing newborns lead to referrals without ambulatory care.
* Unavailability of necessary equipment, consumables and protocols for assessments.

| * Services at public health facilities were deemed poor in quality as they did not even

“''touch the baby for examination''”

| * Need for a system for preliminary screening and triaging to expedite care seeking at appropriate facilities.
* Protocolised physical assessment by trained health care providers nearest to home.

| Screening & Assessment of all notified infants
|-
| * ASHA had no role in referral as she was not involved in newborn care by family or through HBNC visitations.
* ASHA was aware of the poor quality of services at public health facilities & so chose not to suggest families take their newborn to these healthcare facilities.

| * There was no guidance for where to seek care, the community relied on word of mouth or relatives & elderly for best care practices and treatment places.
* There was no awareness on availability of ambulance services under the JSSK program for newborns

| * A mechanism for counseling the family for mobilization to a forma lheathcare facility.
* Guide the family for navigating through the facility.
* Ensure availability of services at the facility before mobilisation.

| Facilitating care seeking & management
|-
| * There were no formats or SOP’s for documenting case history or treatment regimen or registration/preliminary records of YI who were cared for at the facilities.
* Paracetamol (PCM) was the most commonly prescribed drug for hyperthermia.
* Any infant with symptoms that could not be treated with basic oral medication was referred to higher facilities. Injectables were not prescribed due to fear of unpleasant outcomes.

| * Services for sick young infants (SYIs) were available 2 days/week when a pediatrician was present.
* There was a plurality of treatment with incomplete adherence to antibiotics.
* Community feared taking the baby to tertiary care due to uncertainty for bed availability, OOPE, difficulty in navigating within the tertiary care facility.

| Family is to be nudged for adherence, follow-up until the desired health outcome is achieved.
| Coordinate home care/ outpatient care/inpatient care
|}

{| class="wikitable"
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=== ===



=== ===

{| class="wikitable"
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=== ===



=== ===



==== ====



==== ====



==== ====

'''Observation of PSBI cases-classified and managed at Primary Healthcare facilities''' '''xx'''

Of all the cases that were assessed, classified as PSBI and managed at primary healthcare facilities of the study block, 85% were directly observed by the IMNCI trained facility monitoring team. <s>The objective of these observations was to assess the quality of assessments by healthcare providers and ensure the availability of necessary equipment and consumables to manage PSBI cases at primary healthcare facilities</s>. The majority of cases (95%) were assessed at the Community Health Center (CHC), with Community Health Officers (CHOs) being the primary assessors in most of the cases (86%).

During the initial quarter of operationalization (post-training), digital thermometers were available in only 30% of cases. However, availability improved over time through indenting, and by the third quarter, all cases were assessed using a digital thermometer. Throughout the study period, all cases assessed at the CHC were weighed using an analog weighing scale. ARI timers were not available in the health system supply, so mobile phone timers were initially used to count the respiratory rate in young infants. Later, these were replaced by the IMNCI application, which has an inbuilt timer for respiratory rate counting.

Consumables such as injection gentamicin, syringes (1 ml, 3 ml), and needles (23 gauge) were available only at the CHC, whereas oral amoxicillin was available at all primary healthcare facilities, including Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs), Primary Health Centers (PHCs), and the CHC, at the time of case observation. The modified PSBI treatment card was properly filled out for approximately 91% of cases. However, for ~8% of cases, assessors did not mention all the required information in the treatment card, like the address of family and contact number, the infant's current weight (although it was measured), or the correct subclassification of PSBI. Additionally, for about 1% of cases, the PSBI treatment card was not filled at all, as the infants were referred immediately after birth.[[File:BJS_250_image6.png|451x288px]]

[[File:BJS_250_image7.png|438x288px]] Among the cases managed by CHO, e-sanjeevani for teleconsultation was utilized by only ~3% (2/74) of them, in which the consultation was done only in one case where MO was available for providing teleconsultation to CHO on e sanjeevani on the other side. 7% (5/74) among all CHO and 6% (4/72) among those who did not utilize e-sanjeevani, did teleconsultation with medical officers via call. During the initial phase of operationalization, the measurement of vitals in sick young infants (SYIs) was inconsistent (graph), with the implementation support team often stepping in, particularly for weight assessment. However, over time, adherence to vital assessments improved significantly. By the third quarter, nearly all SYIs had their weight, temperature, and respiratory rate measured as part of routine clinical practice.

Graphs (X) shows that while assessing infants according to the IMNCI protocol, assessors investigated feeding problems, chest indrawing, and lethargy in almost all sick young infants. In approximately 90% of cases, they inquired about the history of convulsions. Inquiry about jaundice and diarrhea was conducted in nearly three-fourths of cases. Although this improved over time, jaundice and diarrhea were still not assessed in 13% of cases each, despite adherence to the IMNCI protocol.

xx

'''Discussion'''

The study elicits the feasibility of implementation of community-based management of sick young infants (aged 0-59 days) with PSBI at primary healthcare facilities when referral is not feasible. The PSBI identification coverage during the implementation phase was 71%, which was comparable to the identification rates reported in Palwal, Haryana (70%) ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234352/ ref]). It is higher than Ntcheu, Malawi (63.8%) ([https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229248 ref]), Pune (57%) ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32833993/ ref]), Lucknow (53%) ([https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0234212 ref]) and Kushtia, Bangladesh (31%) ([https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0232675 ref]) and lower than Zaria, Nigeria (95.5%) ([https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7064229/ ref]), Pakistan (95%) ([https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/45/1/176/6524747 ref]), Mekelle, Ethiopia (87%) ([https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544712/ ref]).

This study underscores the importance of addressing barriers to care seeking and a need for community engagement beyond the home visits by health workers which have reportedly been low in coverage even with substantial program support ([https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229248 ref]. A notable strength of this study was the active engagement of mothers and families as primary reporters of illness to improve the coverage and timeliness of care seeking. It also focussed on empowering these mothers around the decision making and hand holding in “stepping up” and seeking care . This intervention of introducing a Central Care Coordination System (CCCS) or SakshaMa helpline, filled the current need of encouraging uptake of the service by caregivers through community-based sensitization ([https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229248 ref], [https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b2826 ref], [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35003714/ ref], ref, [https://www.example.com/study-kumar-2021 ref]). However, there is a need to further optimize this process for scalability and cost effectiveness. ASHA contributed to a substantial proportion (18%) of illness episodes and emphasizes their pivotal role in early identification and linkage to formal healthcare services. Her positioning, and potential of home based newborn is promising, however, improving its coverage and quality is an area that needs further exploration and innovation.

Another aspect highlighted through the study was the preferred utilization of primary health facilities (46.6%). The availability of quality services at these facilities was a major motivating factor for the community to seek care from these facilities. It is interesting to observe the trends of the referral acceptance, wherein, cases with Critical Illness had 100% acceptance while the referral acceptance was lower among cases of Clinical Severe Infection (CSI) at 36% (20/55), and notably minimal for severe pneumonia cases, with only 6.7% (1/15) referral acceptance.

This possibly indicates that caregivers only prefer tertiary care facilities and inpatient treatment pathway when they perceive the “severity of illness” to be high. There are other multiple aspects to this acceptance such as the effectiveness of counselling, fear of out-of-pocket expenses, distance etc. (ref). The helpline played a critical role in this piece by prioritizing patient admission through coordination with facility nodal, ensuring bed availability at the tertiary facility, and providing the necessary handholding support to these families in navigating through the “unknown” set up. Despite these interventions, there is a substantial population that is seeking care through informal practitioners and not seeking care outside home for newborn illness (10.3% and 14.4%, respectively) highlights the need to design more comprehensive approach for this population that was reported in other studies also as a missed opportunity for PSBI identification & management ([https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-023-10065-x ref], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949856224000394?via%3Dihub ref], [https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/36287 ref], ref, ref, ref). Although the study was designed to handhold the community to redirect the care seeking towards public health facilities, it was observed that nearly one-fourth (24%, 30/124) of cases were reaching the facility for care seeking by themselves once the services were established at primary healthcare facilities which were operationalised in the later part of the implementation phase, and the information spread through word of mouth in the study area.

The case fatality rate (CFR) found in the current study was 4% (5/124), which is considerably lower than the global pooled estimate of 9.8% for PSBI infants. Moreover, there were no reported deaths among the PSBI cases managed as outpatients at primary healthcare facilities with a simplified antibiotic regimen, indicating the potential effectiveness and safety of this approach in this setting. However, five deaths occured in infants that were referred and treated at tertiary care facilities out of which three infants that had comorbidities besides PSBI.

Another major progress which is significant programmatically and from a service delivery perspective is the inclusion of Community Health Officers for administration of antibiotics under the supervision of Medical officers as most of the previous study highlight at the limitation by the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives both in terms of their competency and operational challenge of not being able to operate from the sub-centres throughout the week. This inclusion is in line with the newly launched SAANS guideline as well as the AB-AAM initiative to improve the outreach of health system delivery. However, the treatment administration from AB-AAM for PSBI cases requiring injectable drug administration still remains a challenge at these centres and such cases need to be referred to CHC for simplified antibiotic regimen. CHOs hold promise for bridging the care gap in pediatric expertise at the community level, ensuring timely assessment, classification, and management of young infants' illnesses.

Unlike previous studies, this study adopted a bottom-up approach and did not rely on the Technical Support Unit for review and monitoring or technical supervision. On the contrary, this study relied on utilising existing resources at the block level and leveraged them under the leadership of the Medical Officer In Charge for complete ownership of programmatic implementation of case assessment, management and facility operationalisation. However, we acknowledge the scope of a monitoring body at the district and state level from a perspective of scale up across the district.

The limitation of this study is that despite intensive efforts with ASHA and other frontline workers, we could not establish a mechanism of follow up of young infants with PSBI in the community. This challenge was particularly notable among cases of PSBI with only fast breathing, crucial for adherence to the course of antibiotic treatment ([https://www.example.com/study-rahman-2017 ref]). Also, active efforts to improve care seeking through two strategies: the community outreach of the helpline, and ASHA workers' both of which emerged as a critical driver for formal care-seeking, are promising strategies can be scaled to other settings with limited healthcare access. But despite these strategies also, a significant population does not adhere to care seeking advice due to complex intertwined belief and information systems at the community level that are influenced by their understanding of disease etiology and the level of trust in public health facilitie'''s.'''

----

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{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| dfrfg
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| ddd
|}

Worshiped at the start of all rituals, journeys, and sacred undertakings, Gaṇapati - as the youfffnger son of Devī Pārvatī and Bhagavān Śiva - is regarded as the ‘Lord of Obstacles’ or Vighnarāja. His other popular names are Gaṇeśa, Vināyaka, and Vighneśvara.

[[File:BJS_229_image1.jpeg|597x417px]]



= Paurānika Legends of Gaṇapati =

Gaṇapati’s various aspects, which establish him to be the most revered deity in Sanātana Dharma, are reflected in names like Vināyaka, Dvaimātura, Gaṇādhipa, Ekadanta, Heramba, Lambodara, and Gajānana; as listed in the Amarakośa [1]. According to paurāṇika lore, Bhagavān Śiva willed Gaṇapati to facilitate the devas, or hinder the asuras in performing yajñas, sacrifices, and other rituals to gain boons.

Gaṇapati, endowed with intelligence as buddhidātā and with a bountiful nature as siddhidātā, is commonly shown with a single elephant head. As Śurpakarna, he is depicted with large ears. Except in rare cases, he is usually adorned with two small eyes. As Vakratuṇḍa, he is depicted with a trunk that usually curves to the left, and his form with a right-curving trunk is rare. One of his tusks is broken, earning him the epithet Ekadanta. There are two popular paurāṇika versions of how he broke this tusk. The first states that he hurled it to humble Candra Deva, who had mocked him for eating too much and bursting his belly in a subsequent fall [2]. The second narration relates to how he stood guard during his father’s rest and refused Paraśurāma’s request for an audience with Bhagavān Śiva. Enraged at the denial, Paraśurāma hurled his divine axe at Gaṇapati. Out of respect for the weapon created by Bhagavān Śiva, Gaṇapati allowed the axe to strike his tusk, which broke upon impact [3].

[[File:BJS_229_image2.png|624x415px]]



[[File:BJS_229_image3.png|624x332px]]
{| class="wikitable" ! Tool !! Cost !! Usage |- | Turnitin || Paid || Universities |}

Gaṇapati, endowed with intelligence as buddhidātā and with a bountiful nature as siddhidātā, is commonly shown with a single elephant head. As Śurpakarna, he is depicted with large ears. Except in rare cases, he is usually adorned with two small eyes. As Vakratuṇḍa, he is depicted with a trunk that usually curves to the left, and his form with a right-curving trunk is rare. One of his tusks is broken, earning him the epithet Ekadanta. There are two popular paurāṇika versions of how he broke this tusk. The first states that he hurled it to humble Candra Deva, who had mocked him for eating too much and bursting his belly in a subsequent fall [2]. The second narration relates to how he stood guard during his father’s rest and refused Paraśurāma’s request for an audience with Bhagavān Śiva. Enraged at the denial, Paraśurāma hurled his divine axe at Gaṇapati. Out of respect for the weapon created by Bhagavān Śiva, Gaṇapati allowed the axe to strike his tusk, which broke upon impact [3].

[[File:BJS_229_image2.png|624x415px]]



= Iconography and Symbols =

The iconographic form of Gaṇapati, the ‘Lord of All Creation’, is shaped over time through vaidika, paurāṇika, and tāntrika traditions. As Lambodara, his large belly denotes the ability to contain and absorb the experiences of the universe. The mouse, as his vāhana, represents the restless human desires brought under spiritual control. A majority of the sculptures represent him in the four-armed form. Of his three hands, one holds a modaka or laḍḍu (Indian sweets) to denote bliss through the pursuit of knowledge, another holds an aṅkuśa (goad) to guide and direct, a third holds a pāśa (noose) to showcase restraint, and the fourth hand is usually depicted in abhaya mudrā, blessing the devotee. However, sometimes he is depicted with other sacred objects in his hands like a stylus, a jackfruit, a coconut, etc. Usually depicted in lalitāsana or mahārājalīlā with the left leg folded, Gaṇapati is shown seated with royal ease. When he is represented in the standing form, it is in dvibhaṅga (two bends) or tribhaṅga (three bends) form.

[[File:BJS_229_image3.png|624x332px]]

{| class="wikitable"
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= References: =

*Source Article: Chodavarapu, S. P. (2026 February 12).. Symbolism of Gaṇapati. Brhat. [https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati https://www.brhat.in/dhiti/iconographyofganapati]

[1] Shastri A. R. (1964). Amarakosha with translation [Amarakośa 1.1.40–41]. Digital Library of India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.446136/page/n223/mode/2up]

[2] Mudgala Purana Sanskrit (Vol. 4 Gajananacharitam, adhyaya 6 Chandradoṣaharaṇacharita p. 12). (1976, October). Mudgala Purana Prakashana Mandala in collaboration, with Nirnaya Sagara Press. [https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/mudgala-purana-s/page/n423/mode/2up]

[3] Brahma Vaivarta Purana (p. 407). (2018). Gita Press, Gorakhpur.

----

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{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| ftty
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| trt
|}



= Security Audit Remediation Report – Pravaha.info =

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! Vulnerability
! Risk
! Status
! Remediation / Response
|-
| 1
| Web Server Transmits Cleartext Credentials
| Medium
| Patched
| ddd
|-
| 2
| Missing Security Headers
| Medium
| Patched
| Required security headers implemented at the web server level.
|-
| 3
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Plupload)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Bundled with OJS 3.3.0-21. Direct replacement could impact submission and editorial workflows; remediation deferred to supported platform upgrade.
|-
| 4
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (jQuery Validation)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Bundled with OJS 3.3.0-21. Independent replacement requires platform-level validation; remediation deferred to supported upgrade.
|-
| 5
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Vue.js)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Embedded in vendor-supplied compiled assets. Safe replacement cannot be validated without supported build environment.
|-
| 6
| Weak Password Policy
| Medium
| Patched
| Strong password requirements implemented for password creation and reset.
|-
| 7
| No Rate Limit (Lost Password)
| Medium
| Patched
| Rate limiting implemented on password recovery endpoint.
|-
| 8
| No Rate Limit (Sign In)
| Medium
| Patched
| Rate limiting implemented on authentication endpoint.
|-
| 9
| Information Disclosure in Responses (Private IP)
| Low
| Patched
| Internal IP address information removed from application responses.
|}



== Summary ==

Patched Findings: 6

Risk Managed Findings: 3

Total Findings: 9

----

'''Word Count:''' 301

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|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| fguy
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| uy8u9
|}



= Security Audit Remediation Report – Pravaha.info =

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! Vulnerability
! Risk
! Status
! Remediation / Response
|-
| 1
| Web Server Transmits Cleartext Credentials
| Medium
| Patched
| HTTPSdddd enforced across the application. Credentials are transmitted only over TLS.
|-
| 2
| Missing Security Headers
| Medium
| Patched
| Required security headers implemented at the web server level.
|-
| 3
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Plupload)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Bundled with OJS 3.3.0-21. Direct replacement could impact submission and editorial workflows; remediation deferred to supported platform upgrade.
|-
| 4
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (jQuery Validation)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Bundled with OJS 3.3.0-21. Independent replacement requires platform-level validation; remediation deferred to supported upgrade.
|-
| 5
| Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Vue.js)
| Medium
| Risk Managed
| Embedded in vendor-supplied compiled assets. Safe replacement cannot be validated without supported build environment.
|-
| 6
| Weak Password Policy
| Medium
| Patched
| Strong password requirements implemented for password creation and reset.
|-
| 7
| No Rate Limit (Lost Password)
| Medium
| Patched
| Rate limiting implemented on password recovery endpoint.
|-
| 8
| No Rate Limit (Sign In)
| Medium
| Patched
| Rate limiting implemented on authentication endpoint.
|-
| 9
| Information Disclosure in Responses (Private IP)
| Low
| Patched
| Internal IP address information removed from application responses.
|}



== Summary ==

Patched Findings: 6

Risk Managed Findings: 3

Total Findings: 9

----

'''Word Count:''' 301

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{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_224_F1148_6a2aa3df3cc49.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| fdgthjk
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| ggf
|}

1. Use Proper Hehyhuading Styles (VERY IMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 273

Draft:Fdtyt

2026-06-11T11:44:54Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:fdtyt}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| fdtyt
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| tt
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manualscvv that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries later.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_223_image1.png|276x346px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_223_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

----

'''Word Count:''' 671

Draft:Xdfghj

2026-06-11T11:38:47Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:xdfghj}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| xdfghj
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| mbn;m
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manualgvhs that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries later.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_222_image1.png|276x346px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_222_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

----

'''Word Count:''' 672

Draft:Defgtry

2026-06-08T09:17:58Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:defgtry}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_206_F1106_6a2688a412b0e.jpg|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| defgtry
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| ttrtr
|}

'''Remediation Response – Dependencytut on Vulnerable Third-Party Components'''

'''Finding 3: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Plupload)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/moxiecode/plupload/js/plupload.full.min.js 

'''Affected Component:''' Plupload v2.3.6 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2021-23562

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Remediation Planned / Risk Managed

'''Assessment Performed'''

The identified Plupload v2.3.6 dependency is bundled with the OJS 3.3.0-21 platform and is utilized by core application workflows, including manuscript submission uploads, revision uploads, copyediting uploads, and supplementary file management.

As part of the remediation assessment, the upstream Plupload v2.3.9 release was reviewed to determine whether the vulnerable component could be upgraded independently of the OJS platform.

During this review, the distributed JavaScript artifacts provided with the upstream release were analyzed. The assessment identified that the released build files continue to contain version references associated with v2.3.6, making it difficult to conclusively verify that a direct file replacement would constitute a complete and supported remediation.

Furthermore, OJS tightly integrates the bundled Plupload component into its submission and editorial workflow processes. Direct replacement of vendor-supplied files without platform-level validation could introduce unintended compatibility issues affecting critical functionality, including manuscript submission, revision handling, copyediting operations, and supplementary file uploads.

Accordingly, a direct production replacement could not be validated as a reliable remediation approach and was not implemented.

'''Current Security Controls'''

The practical exploitation risk is mitigated through the following compensating controls:

* Upload functionality is restricted to authenticated users.

* Role-based access controls govern upload permissions.

* Server-side validation is enforced for uploaded files.

* File type restrictions are applied before processing.

* Upload operations are performed through controlled OJS workflows.

* The affected component is not exposed as a public unauthenticated upload endpoint.

* Routine platform maintenance and security monitoring procedures are in place.

'''Planned Remediation'''

This dependency has been incorporated into the platform remediation roadmap and will be addressed through a controlled upgrade to a supported OJS release containing updated third-party dependencies.

Comprehensive regression testing will be performed prior to deployment to validate submission, review, revision, copyediting, and supplementary file workflows.

'''Conclusion'''

Given the vendor dependency, the technical assessment performed, the implemented compensating controls, and the planned platform upgrade, the residual risk is currently managed and tracked through the application's remediation process.

'''Risk Acceptance Request'''

Immediate remediation is not technically feasible without introducing operational risk to critical journal workflows. The vulnerability has been documented, compensating controls are in place, and remediation has been scheduled as part of the planned OJS platform upgrade. Approval is requested to classify this finding as a managed risk pending completion of the upgrade project.

'''Finding 4: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (jQuery Validation)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/lib/pkp/js/lib/jquery/plugins/validate/jquery.validate.min.js 

'''Affected Component:''' jQuery Validation v1.19.5 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2025-3573

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Resolved

'''Remediation Performed'''

The identified vulnerable dependency, jQuery Validation v1.19.5, has been successfully upgraded to jQuery Validation v1.21.0.

Prior to deployment, the updated dependency was thoroughly validated within a staging environment to ensure compatibility with the application and its workflows.

'''Validation Activities'''

Comprehensive regression testing was performed across critical application functionality, including:

* User Authentication (Login)

* User Registration

* Password Reset and Recovery

* User Profile Management

* Manuscript Submission Workflows

* Editorial Processing Workflows

* File Upload and Validation Functions

'''Validation Results'''

No functional, performance, or compatibility issues were identified during testing. The updated dependency was successfully deployed to the production environment and all related functionality continues to operate as expected.

'''Conclusion'''

The vulnerable dependency has been upgraded to a supported and secure version and validated through comprehensive testing.

'''Recommendation'''

This finding should be considered resolved and closed.

'''Finding 5: Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component (Vue.js)'''

'''CWE:''' CWE-1395 – Dependency on Vulnerable Third-Party Component 

'''Target URL:''' https://pravaha.info/js/build.js 

'''Affected Component:''' Vue.js v2.6.12 

'''Reference:''' CVE-2024-9506

'''Remediation Status'''

'''Status:''' Remediation Planned / Risk Managed

'''Assessment Performed'''

The identified Vue.js v2.6.12 dependency is embedded within the compiled frontend bundle (js/build.js) distributed as part of the OJS 3.3.0-21 platform.

The identified Vue.js dependency is embedded within a vendor-supplied compiled asset. The application package does not include the corresponding source build environment required to safely rebuild or replace the dependency in a vendor-supported manner, including:

* webpack configuration files

* package-lock.json

* dependency manifests

* frontend source build environment

As a result, direct replacement of the Vue.js dependency cannot be safely validated. Manual modification of the compiled bundle would not constitute a reliable remediation and may adversely affect critical platform functionality. Such modifications would create an unsupported application state and could impact future platform updates and maintenance.

Potentially impacted functionality includes:

* User authentication interfaces

* Submission workflows

* Editorial dashboards

* Frontend rendering components

* Application navigation and interaction logic

'''Current Security Controls'''

The application currently operates under multiple security controls, including:

* Authenticated access controls

* Server-side input validation

* Role-based authorization controls

* Restricted administrative access

* Ongoing security monitoring and maintenance

No evidence of active exploitation or compromise related to this dependency has been identified within the production environment.

'''Planned Remediation'''

The dependency has been incorporated into the application's upgrade roadmap and will be remediated through a controlled upgrade to a supported OJS release containing updated frontend dependencies.

Following the upgrade, comprehensive regression testing will be performed before deployment to production.

'''Conclusion'''

Because the affected Vue.js version is embedded within the vendor-supplied compiled application bundle, remediation requires a platform-level upgrade rather than an isolated library replacement.

Given the implemented compensating controls, the absence of known exploitation, and the defined upgrade roadmap, the residual risk is currently managed.

'''Risk Acceptance Request'''

Immediate remediation is not technically feasible without introducing operational risk to critical application functionality. The vulnerability has been documented, compensating controls are in place, and remediation has been scheduled as part of the planned OJS platform upgrade. Approval is requested to classify this finding as a managed risk pending completion of the upgrade project.

----

'''Word Count:''' 1129

Draft:Fghg

2026-06-06T08:54:25Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:fghg}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
[[File:BJS_203_F1089_6a23e00f29283.png|center|285px]]
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| fghg
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Contemporary Social/Cultural Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| gt
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manuals that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (tgfyuiiuuuione of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries later.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_203_image1.jpeg|601x338px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_203_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

----

'''Word Count:''' 681

Draft:Ganita

2026-06-06T04:55:48Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ganita}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| ganita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| geeta
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| cdd
|}

1. Use Proper Heading Styles (VERYYIMPORTANT) 

- Always use Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 

- Do not manually format headings 

 

Example: 

Heading 1 → Introduction 

Heading 2 → Features 

Heading 3 → Sub-feature 

 

Wiki Output: 

= Introduction = 

== Features == 

=== Sub-feature === 

 

2. Write Clean Paragraphs 

Do: 

- Keep simple paragraphs 

- Use default spacing 

 

Don't: 

- Add extra spaces 

- Press Enter multiple times 

- Use tabs 

 

3. Use Bullet & Numbered Lists 

DOCX: 

- Feature 1 

- Feature 2 

 

Wiki: 

* Feature 1 

* Feature 2 

 

Numbered: 

1. Step one 

2. Step two 

 

Wiki: 

# Step one 

# Step two 

 

4. Tables 

- Use simple tables 

- Do not merge cells 

 

 

5. Images 

- Insert normally 

- Add caption 

 

Wiki: 

[[File:image.png|thumb|Caption]] 

 

6. Bold & Italic 

Bold → '''text''' 

Italic → ''text'' 

 

7. Links 

Insert hyperlinks properly 

 

Wiki: 

[https://example.com] 

 

8. References 

Use clear references 

 

Example: 

Text[1] 

 

9. Avoid 

- Text boxes 

- SmartArt 

- Shapes 

- Columns 

- Manual formatting 

 

10. Infobox Handling 

DOCX: 

Title: BJS-CMS 

Developer: IIT Kanpur 

 

 

 

11. Structure Example 

Heading 1: BJS-CMS 

Heading 2: Introduction 

Heading 2: Features 

Heading 2: Workflow 

 

12. Final Rule 

DOCX = Structured data, not design document

----

'''Word Count:''' 264

Draft:Chemical Science

2026-06-05T06:51:56Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Chemical Science}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:300px; max-width:300px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%; table-layout:fixed;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#fff; text-align:center;" |
{| style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="width:50%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0px; text-align:center;" | [[File:BJS_188_F991_6a226c3c49d82.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|135px]]
| style="width:50%; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0px; text-align:center;" | [[File:BJS_188_F990_6a226c2e9adbb.jpg|center|135px]]
|}
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:35%;" | Title
| Chemical Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| dubey
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bharatiya Jnana Sarita
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Science
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Type of Article
| Original Article - Long Form
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Difficulty Level
| Beginner
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| Chemical science plays a vital role in addressing contemporary challenges related to health, energy, environment, and sustainable development. This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of advanced chemical compounds with enhanced functional properties. Various analytical techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and thermal analysis, were employed to evaluate the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized materials.
|}

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manuals that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicians centuries later.



= Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:BJS_188_image1.png|276x346px]]



= Chronology and Major Texts and media =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}



= Mathematical Contributions =



== The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem) ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.



== Discovery of Irrational Numbers ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:BJS_188_image2.png|243x254px]]



== Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.



= See Also: =



= References and Further Reading =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

----

'''Word Count:''' 771

Draft:The Śulba Sūtras

2026-04-08T10:01:38Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Śulba Sūtras}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_239_F486_69b00308cd1dc.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title
| The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.
|}

'''The Śulba Sūtras: Ancient Foundations of Indian Geometry <ref>[[The_Śulba_Sūtras:_Ancient_Foundations_of_Indian_Geometry]]</ref>'''

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; śulba-sūtra) are ancient Indian manuals that form the technical foundation of '''Vedic geometry, Indian Geometry''' . They belong to the '''Kalpa Sūtras''', one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' (auxiliary disciplines of the Vedas).

These texts provide precise mathematical instructions for the '''design and construction of ritual altars (agnis and vedis)''' used in Vedic sacrifices.

Historically, the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from '''ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning'''. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.

'''Etymology and the “Rope” Methodology'''

The word '''Śulba''' come from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning '''“to measure” or “to encircle.”''' In the context of these texts, it specifically refers to the '''rajju''', or measuring rope.

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially a system of '''“rope geometry.”''' Unlike the Greek tradition that relied on a '''compass and straightedge''', Vedic geometers used '''stakes (Śaṅku) and measuring cords''' to construct geometric shapes.

This method allowed them to create '''accurate geometric layouts for ritual altars and architectural structures'''.

[[File:image1.png|360x263px]]

[[File:image2.png|276x346px]]

'''Chronology and Major Texts'''

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{|
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}

'''Important Commentaries :'''

{|
| '''Śulbasūtra'''
| '''Name of the commentaries'''
| '''Author'''
|-
| '''Budhāyana'''
|
'''Śulbadīpikā'''

'''Śulba - mīmāṃsā'''
|
'''Dvārakānātha Yajvā'''

'''Venkateśvara Dikṣita'''
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
|
'''Śulbavyākhyā'''

'''Śulbapradīpikā'''

'''Ṣulbapradīpa'''

'''Śulbabhāṣya'''
|
'''Kapardisvāmin'''

'''Karavindasvāmin'''

'''Sundararāja'''

'''Gopāla'''
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
|
'''Śulbasūtravivṛtti'''

'''Śulbasūtravivaraṇa'''

'''Śulbasūtrabhāṣya'''
|
'''Rāma/Rāmacandra'''

'''Mahīdhara'''

'''Karka'''
|}
'''Mathematical Contributions'''

==== ====

==== '''1. The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem)''' ====

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra <ref>[[Sulba_Sutra]]</ref> (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.

==== '''2. Discovery of Irrational Numbers''' ====

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

==== <<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_2>>><<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_3>>> ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== '''3. Squaring the Circle and Geometric Algebra''' ====

The texts describe sophisticated procedures to transform one geometric shape into another without changing the total area. This includes:

* '''Squaring the Circle''': Creating a square with the same area as a circle.

* '''Circling the Square''': Constructing a circle equal in area to a square.

These tasks were required for rituals where different forms of fire (the square ''Āhavanīya'' and the circular ''Gārhapatya'') had to occupy equivalent symbolic and physical space.

दक्षिण = Semi Circular , आहवनीय = Square System , गार्हपत्य = Square in one system and Circular in other system.

[[File:image5.png|533x136px]]

== '''Topic covered in Baudhāyana - Śulbasūtra:''' ==

{|
| TOPICS
| MODERN TERMS
|-
| रेखामानपरिभाषा
| Units of Measurement
|-
| चतुरश्रकरणोपायः
| Construction of Square, rectangles , etc
|-
| करण्यानयनम्
| Obtaining the surds/Theorem of the square of the diagonal
|-
| क्षेत्राकारपरिणामः
| Transformation of geometrical figures
|-
| नानाविधवेदिविहरणम्
| Plan for different sacrificial grounds (darśa,paśubandha,sutrāmaṇi,agniṣṭoma etc)
|-
| अग्नीनां प्रमाणक्षेत्रमानम्
| Areas of the sacrificial fires/altars
|-
| इष्टकसङ्ख्यापरिमाणादिकथनम्
| Specifying the number of bricks used in the construction of altars, including their sizes and shapes
|-
| इष्टकोपधाने रीत्यादिनिर्णयः
| Choosing clay, sand, etc in making bricks
|-
| इष्टकोपधानप्रकारः
| Process of manufacturing the bricks
|-
| श्येनचिदद्याकारनिरुपणम्
| Describing the shapes of śyenciti, etc
|}

'''Historical Legacy and Modern Utility'''

The influence of the Sulba Sutras extends from ancient temples to modern digital classrooms.

'''Architectural Influence'''

The "rope-geometry" principles laid the foundation for the Vastu Shastra (Indian architectural science). The precise orientation and proportionality seen in major Hindu temples and even city planning in ancient India (like the Indus Valley) reflect the geometric rigor found in these texts.

'''Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic'''

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.

'''See Also:'''

'''References and Further Reading'''

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:The Śulba Sūtras

2026-04-08T10:00:35Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Śulba Sūtras}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_239_F486_69b00308cd1dc.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title
| The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.
|}

'''The Śulba Sūtras: Ancient Foundations of Indian Geometry <ref>[[The_Śulba_Sūtras:_Ancient_Foundations_of_Indian_Geometry]]</ref>'''

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; śulba-sūtra) are ancient Indian manuals that form the technical foundation of '''Vedic geometry'''. They belong to the '''Kalpa Sūtras''', one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' (auxiliary disciplines of the Vedas).

These texts provide precise mathematical instructions for the '''design and construction of ritual altars (agnis and vedis)''' used in Vedic sacrifices.

Historically, the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from '''ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning'''. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.

'''Etymology and the “Rope” Methodology'''

The word '''Śulba''' come from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning '''“to measure” or “to encircle.”''' In the context of these texts, it specifically refers to the '''rajju''', or measuring rope.

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially a system of '''“rope geometry.”''' Unlike the Greek tradition that relied on a '''compass and straightedge''', Vedic geometers used '''stakes (Śaṅku) and measuring cords''' to construct geometric shapes.

This method allowed them to create '''accurate geometric layouts for ritual altars and architectural structures'''.

[[File:image1.png|360x263px]]

[[File:image2.png|276x346px]]

'''Chronology and Major Texts'''

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{|
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}

'''Important Commentaries :'''

{|
| '''Śulbasūtra'''
| '''Name of the commentaries'''
| '''Author'''
|-
| '''Budhāyana'''
|
'''Śulbadīpikā'''

'''Śulba - mīmāṃsā'''
|
'''Dvārakānātha Yajvā'''

'''Venkateśvara Dikṣita'''
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
|
'''Śulbavyākhyā'''

'''Śulbapradīpikā'''

'''Ṣulbapradīpa'''

'''Śulbabhāṣya'''
|
'''Kapardisvāmin'''

'''Karavindasvāmin'''

'''Sundararāja'''

'''Gopāla'''
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
|
'''Śulbasūtravivṛtti'''

'''Śulbasūtravivaraṇa'''

'''Śulbasūtrabhāṣya'''
|
'''Rāma/Rāmacandra'''

'''Mahīdhara'''

'''Karka'''
|}

== '''Mathematical Contributions''' ==

==== ====

==== '''1. The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem)''' ====

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra <ref>[[Sulba_Sutra]]</ref> (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.

==== '''2. Discovery of Irrational Numbers''' ====

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

==== <<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_2>>><<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_3>>> ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== '''3. Squaring the Circle and Geometric Algebra''' ====

The texts describe sophisticated procedures to transform one geometric shape into another without changing the total area. This includes:

* '''Squaring the Circle''': Creating a square with the same area as a circle.

* '''Circling the Square''': Constructing a circle equal in area to a square.

These tasks were required for rituals where different forms of fire (the square ''Āhavanīya'' and the circular ''Gārhapatya'') had to occupy equivalent symbolic and physical space.

दक्षिण = Semi Circular , आहवनीय = Square System , गार्हपत्य = Square in one system and Circular in other system.

[[File:image5.png|533x136px]]

== '''Topic covered in Baudhāyana - Śulbasūtra:''' ==

{|
| TOPICS
| MODERN TERMS
|-
| रेखामानपरिभाषा
| Units of Measurement
|-
| चतुरश्रकरणोपायः
| Construction of Square, rectangles , etc
|-
| करण्यानयनम्
| Obtaining the surds/Theorem of the square of the diagonal
|-
| क्षेत्राकारपरिणामः
| Transformation of geometrical figures
|-
| नानाविधवेदिविहरणम्
| Plan for different sacrificial grounds (darśa,paśubandha,sutrāmaṇi,agniṣṭoma etc)
|-
| अग्नीनां प्रमाणक्षेत्रमानम्
| Areas of the sacrificial fires/altars
|-
| इष्टकसङ्ख्यापरिमाणादिकथनम्
| Specifying the number of bricks used in the construction of altars, including their sizes and shapes
|-
| इष्टकोपधाने रीत्यादिनिर्णयः
| Choosing clay, sand, etc in making bricks
|-
| इष्टकोपधानप्रकारः
| Process of manufacturing the bricks
|-
| श्येनचिदद्याकारनिरुपणम्
| Describing the shapes of śyenciti, etc
|}

'''Historical Legacy and Modern Utility'''

The influence of the Sulba Sutras extends from ancient temples to modern digital classrooms.

'''Architectural Influence'''

The "rope-geometry" principles laid the foundation for the Vastu Shastra (Indian architectural science). The precise orientation and proportionality seen in major Hindu temples and even city planning in ancient India (like the Indus Valley) reflect the geometric rigor found in these texts.

'''Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic'''

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.

'''See Also:'''

'''References and Further Reading'''

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Articlescc

2026-04-07T11:57:54Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Articlescc}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | Articlescc
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_258_F529_69d4ed8a64825.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title
| Articlescc
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| ccc
|}

The '''Śulba Sūtras''' (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; ''śulba-sūtra'') are ancient Indian manuals that serve as the technical backbone of Vedic geometry. As a sub-category of the ''Kalpa Sutras'' (one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' or "limbs of the Veda"), these texts provide the precise mathematical blueprints required for the design and construction of ritual altars (''agnis'' and ''vedis''). Historically, the Sulba Sutras represent the transition from purely ritualistic traditions to systematic mathematical inquiry. They contain the earliest known expressions of several geometric theorems and numerical constants that were only formally "discovered" by Western mathematicianscffhkuipo9k, centuries later.

= '''Etymology and the "Rope" Methodology''' =

The term ''Sulba'' (or ''Śulba'') is derived from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning "to measure" or "to encircle." Within these texts, it refers specifically to the '''Rajju''' (the measuring cord or rope).

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially "rope geometry." Unlike the Greek tradition, which favored the compass and straightedge, Vedic geometers utilized a system of stakes (''Śaṅku'') and cords to construct complex polygons and curves. This method allowed for high precision in large-scale architectural projects.

[[File:image1.png|276x346px]]

= '''Chronology and Major Texts''' =

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{|
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}

= '''Mathematical Contributions''' =

== '''The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem)''' ==

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra <ref>[[Sulba_Sutra]]</ref> (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.

== '''Discovery of Irrational Numbers''' ==

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

[[File:image2.png|243x254px]]

== '''Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic''' ==

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.

= '''See Also:''' =

= '''References and Further Reading''' =

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:The Śulba Sūtras

2026-03-10T11:41:17Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Śulba Sūtras}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_239_F486_69b00308cd1dc.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title
| The_Śulba_Sūtras
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.
|}

'''The Śulba Sūtras: Ancient Foundations of Indian Geometry <ref>[[The_Śulba_Sūtras:_Ancient_Foundations_of_Indian_Geometry]]</ref>'''

The Śulba Sūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; śulba-sūtra) are ancient Indian manuals that form the technical foundation of '''Vedic geometry'''. They belong to the '''Kalpa Sūtras''', one of the six '''Vedāṅgas''' (auxiliary disciplines of the Vedas).

These texts provide precise mathematical instructions for the '''design and construction of ritual altars (agnis and vedis)''' used in Vedic sacrifices.

Historically, the Śulba Sūtras represent a significant transition from '''ritual practices to systematic mathematical reasoning'''. They contain some of the earliest known formulations of geometric principles and numerical approximations, many of which were rediscovered in later mathematical traditions.

'''Etymology and the “Rope” Methodology'''

The word '''Śulba''' come from the Sanskrit root ''śulb'', meaning '''“to measure” or “to encircle.”''' In the context of these texts, it specifically refers to the '''rajju''', or measuring rope.

Ancient Indian geometry was essentially a system of '''“rope geometry.”''' Unlike the Greek tradition that relied on a '''compass and straightedge''', Vedic geometers used '''stakes (Śaṅku) and measuring cords''' to construct geometric shapes.

This method allowed them to create '''accurate geometric layouts for ritual altars and architectural structures'''.

[[File:image1.png|360x263px]]

[[File:image2.png|276x346px]]

'''Chronology and Major Texts'''

The Sulba Sutras were likely codified between '''800 BCE and 500 BCE''', though they document knowledge passed down orally for much longer. The authors were not just mathematicians but ''Rishis'' (sages) who functioned as master architects.

{|
| '''Text'''
| '''Estimated Date'''
| '''Significance'''
|-
| '''Baudhāyana'''
| 800–600 BCE
| The oldest and most extensive text contains early proofs of the Pythagorean theorem.
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
| 600 BCE
| Known for its systematic presentation and advanced geometric proofs.
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
| 400 BCE
| A later, more concise compilation focusing on aphorisms for quick calculation.
|-
| '''Mānava'''
| 500 BCE
| Notable for its detailed descriptions of complex bird-shaped altars (''Śyena-vidi'').
|}

'''Important Commentaries :'''

{|
| '''Śulbasūtra'''
| '''Name of the commentaries'''
| '''Author'''
|-
| '''Budhāyana'''
|
'''Śulbadīpikā'''

'''Śulba - mīmāṃsā'''
|
'''Dvārakānātha Yajvā'''

'''Venkateśvara Dikṣita'''
|-
| '''Āpastamba'''
|
'''Śulbavyākhyā'''

'''Śulbapradīpikā'''

'''Ṣulbapradīpa'''

'''Śulbabhāṣya'''
|
'''Kapardisvāmin'''

'''Karavindasvāmin'''

'''Sundararāja'''

'''Gopāla'''
|-
| '''Kātyāyana'''
|
'''Śulbasūtravivṛtti'''

'''Śulbasūtravivaraṇa'''

'''Śulbasūtrabhāṣya'''
|
'''Rāma/Rāmacandra'''

'''Mahīdhara'''

'''Karka'''
|}

'''Mathematical Contributions'''

==== ====

==== '''1. The Baudhāyana Theorem (Pythagorean Theorem)''' ====

The Sulba Sutras contain the first explicit statement of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Baudhāyana Sulba Sutra <ref>[[Sulba_Sutra]]</ref> (1.48) states:

<blockquote>''"The diagonal of a rectangle produces both areas that its length and breadth produce separately."''

</blockquote>

This was not a mere observation but a functional tool used to increase or decrease the size of an altar while maintaining its geometric proportions.

==== '''2. Discovery of Irrational Numbers''' ====

The Vedic requirement to double the area of a square led to the investigation of $\sqrt{2}$. The ''sutras'' provided an incredibly accurate rational approximation:

<math display="inline">\sqrt{2}</math> <math display="inline">\approx \ \frac{1}{1}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3}</math> + <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4}</math> - <math display="inline">\frac{1}{3\ \times \ 4\ \times \ 34}</math>

This formula yields '''1.4142156.'''

==== <<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_2>>><<<BJS_PARA_PROTECT_3>>> ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== ====

==== '''3. Squaring the Circle and Geometric Algebra''' ====

The texts describe sophisticated procedures to transform one geometric shape into another without changing the total area. This includes:

* '''Squaring the Circle''': Creating a square with the same area as a circle.

* '''Circling the Square''': Constructing a circle equal in area to a square.

These tasks were required for rituals where different forms of fire (the square ''Āhavanīya'' and the circular ''Gārhapatya'') had to occupy equivalent symbolic and physical space.

दक्षिण = Semi Circular , आहवनीय = Square System , गार्हपत्य = Square in one system and Circular in other system.

[[File:image5.png|533x136px]]

== '''Topic covered in Baudhāyana - Śulbasūtra:''' ==

{|
| TOPICS
| MODERN TERMS
|-
| रेखामानपरिभाषा
| Units of Measurement
|-
| चतुरश्रकरणोपायः
| Construction of Square, rectangles , etc
|-
| करण्यानयनम्
| Obtaining the surds/Theorem of the square of the diagonal
|-
| क्षेत्राकारपरिणामः
| Transformation of geometrical figures
|-
| नानाविधवेदिविहरणम्
| Plan for different sacrificial grounds (darśa,paśubandha,sutrāmaṇi,agniṣṭoma etc)
|-
| अग्नीनां प्रमाणक्षेत्रमानम्
| Areas of the sacrificial fires/altars
|-
| इष्टकसङ्ख्यापरिमाणादिकथनम्
| Specifying the number of bricks used in the construction of altars, including their sizes and shapes
|-
| इष्टकोपधाने रीत्यादिनिर्णयः
| Choosing clay, sand, etc in making bricks
|-
| इष्टकोपधानप्रकारः
| Process of manufacturing the bricks
|-
| श्येनचिदद्याकारनिरुपणम्
| Describing the shapes of śyenciti, etc
|}

'''Historical Legacy and Modern Utility'''

The influence of the Sulba Sutras extends from ancient temples to modern digital classrooms.

'''Architectural Influence'''

The "rope-geometry" principles laid the foundation for the Vastu Shastra (Indian architectural science). The precise orientation and proportionality seen in major Hindu temples and even city planning in ancient India (like the Indus Valley) reflect the geometric rigor found in these texts.

'''Modern Pedagogy and Computational Logic'''

In the 21st century, the Sulba Sutras are being rediscovered as a powerful tool for:

'''Embodied Learning:''' Educators use "rope and nail" geometry to help students visualize math physically, which improves thinking capacity and creative problem-solving compared to abstract textbooks.

'''Sanskrit Computational Linguistics:''' Because the sutras are written as a series of logical, step-by-step instructions, they are being mapped onto modern computer algorithms to create animated concept analyzers and e-readers.

'''Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):''' They are the cornerstone of the IKS curriculum, proving that ancient India possessed a deep, scientific understanding of the universe long before the modern era.

'''See Also:'''

'''References and Further Reading'''

Seidenberg, A. (1962). "The Ritual Origin of Geometry." Archive for History of Exact Sciences.

Plofker, K. (2009). "Mathematics in India." Princeton University Press.

Datta, B. (1932). "The Science of the Sulba." University of Calcutta

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Jjhv

2026-03-02T07:33:24Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jjhv}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | jjhv
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_226_F456_69a53c645fc6d.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| jjhv
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Speech and Linguistics
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| hjbkh
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the introduction sectionvgkjhjf. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> rrr explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x bbb

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology ddds used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Gfgg

2026-02-26T07:18:45Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:gfgg}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | gfgg
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_222_F442_699ff33944638.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| gfgg
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Political, Economic and Strategic Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| gfg
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the introduction sectvvhjkjjlion. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Iitkk4

2026-02-26T06:04:23Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:iitkk4}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | iitkk4
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_218_F424_699fdc77c5342.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| iitkk4
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Medical and Health Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
|  cvc
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New Nowintroduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> rrr explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x bbb

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology ddds used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Iitk3

2026-02-26T06:03:33Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:iitk3}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | iitk3
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_216_F418_699fdb8c2c86a.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| iitk3
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Culinary, Nutritional and Pharmacological Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| dsd
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New introduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Iitkanpur

2026-02-26T05:43:08Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:iitkanpur}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | iitkanpur
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_214_F410_699fda22752f6.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| iitkanpur
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Political, Economic and Strategic Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| fsdf
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the Newintroduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Iitk2

2026-02-26T05:32:08Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:iitk2}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | iitk2
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_215_F412_699fda5bba5f5.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| iitk2
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Speech and Linguistics
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| edg
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New introduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:DFDFDF

2026-02-25T05:10:09Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:DFDFDF}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | DFDFDF
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_199_F371_699d83ef92779.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| DFDFDF
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Speech and Linguistics
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| FDFD
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New introduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> rrr explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x bbb

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology ddds used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Edrftg

2026-02-24T07:15:51Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:edrftg}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | edrftg
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_191_F352_699d39f939bda.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| edrftg
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| tgtgt
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New introduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> rrr explainssdfgikp'l the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x bbb

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology ddds used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>

Draft:Edrftg

2026-02-24T07:13:12Z

172.20.170.28:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:edrftg}}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right; width:22em; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; font-size:90%;"
|+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#fff;" | edrftg
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px; background:#fff;" | [[File:BJS_191_F352_699d39f939bda.mp4|thumbtime=0|center|270px]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0; text-align:center;" | Discovery
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Title <ref>[[title]]</ref>
| edrftg
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Author(s)
| nidhi
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Platform
| Bhāratīya Jñāna Saritā
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Categories
| Mathematical, Physical and Astronomical Sciences
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Year
| 2026
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Abstract
| tgtgt
|}

= 1. Introduction =

This is the New introduction section. It <ref>[[IT]]</ref> rrr explains the purpose of the document and provides background context. Green Chemistry2x bbb

== 1.1 Background ==

This subsection provides background information relevant to the study. Green Chemistry2x

= 2. Methodology =

This section describes the methodology ddds used in the study.

== 2.1 Data Collection ==

Details about how data was collected. Green Chemistry2xx

= 3. Results =

This section presents the results of the analysis. Green Chemistry2xx

== 3.1 Quantitative Results ==

This subsection focuses on numerical and statistical outcomes. Green Chemistry2xx

Figure 1: Sample Line Graph

[[File:image1.png|384x288px]]

= 4. Discussion =

This section interprets the results and discusses their implications.

== 4.1 Interpretation ==

Interpretation of the results in the context of existing literature.

Figure 2: Sample Diagram

[[File:image2.png|384x288px]]

= 5. Conclusion =

This section summarizes the findings and suggests future work.

== Table 1: Sample Data Table ==

{|
! Parameter
! Value
! Unit
|-
| Temperature
| 25
| C
|}

= External Resources =

OpenAI Website: https://www.openai.com

Pandoc Documentation: https://pandoc.org

= References =

1. Author A. (2020). Sample Book Title. Publisher.

2. Author B. (2022). Sample Journal Article. Journal Name, 10(2), 100-110.

== References ==
<references/>